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E, finalmente, em 1973, o Smithsonial e o European Joint Float entraram em colapso, o que trouxe o comércio FX ao estado que todos vemos hoje.
Isso coloca um pouco abaixo dos melhores sistemas, como The Option Robot, que significa muito para um novo participante.
Estes são determinados pela troca em que os ativos são negociados.
Por favor, familiarize-se com nossa Política de Divulgação de Risco antes de abrir uma conta.
O máximo que você perde é apenas o seu investimento inicial.
Demonstração de Opções Binárias.
Para evitar a conversão para cada troca, você pode transferir um valor para a conta em USD.
Retornos altos são compreensivelmente seu objetivo, e ter um robô comercial competente permitirá que você aproveite ao máximo seus investimentos.
Só porque você escolhe um corretor de opções binárias não significa que a busca acabou por completo.
O comércio deverá durar de um a cinco dias.
Usando o Software.
Por outro lado, você deve ser muito cuidadoso e cauteloso, pois a maior parte desses produtos são apenas fraudes que todos os investidores on-line devem evitar a qualquer custo, a fim de proteger seus fundos em vez de perdê-los dentro de algumas horas.
Agora, tenho mais tempo para passar com minha família em férias diferentes e longas.
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Estes são realmente os melhores corretores de opções binárias.
O comércio de renda é uma especulação.
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A negociação de opções binárias é adequada para todos os investidores que desejam desfrutar de um ambiente comercial rápido e emocionante.
Esse tipo de atividade será entendido intuitivamente mesmo para um iniciante.
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Qual opção binária é melhor para mim.
Como funciona.
O conhecimento comercial é melhor usado de forma organizada e especificamente direcionada e em 7 opções de binário.
Isso é chamado de premium da opção.
Infelizmente, muitos comerciantes não negociam com sucesso em forex.
você ganhará lucro.
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Colocando-os atrás das grades.
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Opção Plataforma de negociação do robô O melhor robô sem golpes.
Então, qual é melhor o custo único mais alto ou a taxa mensal mais baixa.
Esse cenário é inviável com negociação de opções binárias.
15 do preço de exercício, mais o prémio.
As opções binárias têm uma estrutura de pagamento única, e isso permite que os comerciantes obtenham uma relação de risco para recompensar muito mais favorável e colocada automaticamente quando as posições são abertas.
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Opção binária comercial.
Esses sinais lhe darão idéias sobre quais ativos você deve investir em seguida.
Como evitar fraudes.
Melhores sites de negociação.
Preço de fechamento subjacente.
As opções binárias tipicamente são categorizadas como opções de comércio exóticas um tanto complexas, mas, na realidade, elas são extremamente simples de utilizar e entender a maneira como elas funcionam.
Opções binárias que fazem as novidades.
2017 TD Ameritrade.
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Demonstração de Opções Binárias.
Isso faz com que o Binary Option Robot seja uma boa escolha, particularmente para os novos comerciantes, pois você não tem taxas a pagar e você precisará nomear um corretor de qualquer maneira.
Se isso acontecer, os investidores da opção de índice podem não conseguir fechar suas posições e podem enfrentar perdas substanciais se o índice subjacente se mover negativamente antes que a negociação recomeça.
As três bolsas permitidas para fornecer esses tipos de serviços de investimento incluem o Cantor Exchange LP, o Chicago Mercantile Exchange CME e a North American Derivatives Exchange NADEX.
Um ativo não pode ter valor intrínseco negativo.
Os lançamentos de ForexTV lançarão luz sobre as variáveis que afetam as taxas de câmbio e os eventos que implicam reversões de tendência no Forex.
Iniciante Estratégia de chamadas cobertas.
Eles têm suas limitações no entanto.
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Youtube Binary Opti.
How to Trade Step by Step Guide.
Signals are extremely useful in situations where you cannot be advised of ongoing developments on the market and need information to make decisions on trading.
Módulos de aprendizagem de cursos de opções gratuitas.
So, I will show you how binary options compares to FOREX in all Continue reading.
Por conseguinte, é aconselhável reenviar esta declaração regularmente.
Traders can select various technical indicators and trade right off these charts.
Unless a foreign broker is properly registered with a U.
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How Do Binary Optio.
Keep in mind that most options traders have many years of experience, so don t expect to be an expert immediately after reading this tutorial.
Em cada nível de associação, você encontra vários serviços, como notícias de mercado e ferramentas para análise financeira.
START TRADING NOW WITH AS LITTLE AS 100.
In the whole process the fellow collegue had made a sweet fortune.
I want to point out that I ve placed all these trades in an option paper trading account at thinkorswim.
Os comerciantes de opções, como os jogadores, podem ter sucesso se eles sabem quando dobrar.
along with our daily trading plans.
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Aditya Birla Group.
The Aditya Birla Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Worli, Mumbai, India. [4] [5] It operates in 40 countries with more than 120,000 employees worldwide, [6] the group was founded by Seth Shiv Narayan Birla in 1857. The group interests in sectors such as viscose staple fibre, metals, cement (largest in India), viscose filament yarn, branded apparel, carbonblack, chemicals, fertilisers, insulators, financial services, telecom, BPO and IT services.
The group had a revenue of approximately US$41 billion in year 2018, [2] [7] it is the third-largest Indian private sector conglomerate behind Tata Group with revenue of just over US$100 billion and RIL with revenue of US$74 billion.
Non-ferrous metals [ edit ]
The Group's non-ferrous metals are under Hindalco Industries, [8] its manufacturing locations are primarily in India and it owns mines in Great Sandy Desert, Australia near Nifty Airport called Birla Nifty Copper Operation. On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, [9] making the combined entity the world's largest rolled-aluminium producer. On 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. The Group plans to close a part of its aluminium foil making mill in UK and shift that to its plant near Nagpur. [10] [11]
Hindalco makes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium, rolled products, alloy wheels, roofing sheets, wire rods, cast copper rods, copper cathodes and several other products. [12]
Cement [ edit ]
The Group's cement business was earlier under Grasim Industries and UltraTech Cement, the two entities have now been merged into UltraTech Cement to form India's largest cement company. UltraTech Cement was acquired from L&T in 2004.
Carbon black [ edit ]
After purchasing Columbian Chemicals Co (Press Release), the Group is now the largest manufacturer of Carbon black worldwide. [13]
Textile business [ edit ]
The Aditya Birla Group is the world's largest producer of Viscose staple fibre, [14] it operates from India, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and China. It owns the Birla Cellulose brand. Apart from viscose staple fibre, the group also owns acrylic fibre businesses in Egypt and Thailand, viscose filament yarn businesses and spinning mills in India and South East Asia, the group has pulp and plantation interests in Canada and Laos. It also owns the Domsjö factory in Sweden which exports viscose today, the Swedish government is hoping to negotiate further investments in Sweden, in particular in the hyper-modern future biorefinery in the city of Örnskökdsvik. [15] Its two companies i. e. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd and Grasim Bhiwani Textiles Ltd which is a subsidiary of Grasim Industries are in textile business.
Fashion [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Group sells in-house and other branded apparel via brick-and-mortar and online stores, the group's firm Aditya Birla Fashion & Retail Ltd sells in-house brands such as Louis Philippe, Van Heusen, Allen Solly, Peter England and People via their individual brand stores and through other multi brand outlets. It also operates a multi brand fashion retail chain Pantaloons. [16]
The group ventured into niche target and select portfolio apparel in October 2018 with Abof. [17]
Planet fashion [ edit ]
'Planet Fashion' is a men’s clothing brand. Commencing in 2001, Planet Fashion now has more than one hundred fifty retailers in 100 villages throughout India. Planate Fashion, [18] right now, is an acronym being a menswear getaway giving comprehensive closet alternatives for all those occasions, around price things, while using greatest brands throughout each category. [19]
The Aditya Birla Group’s retail store enterprise – Madura Fashion & Lifestyle – is one of the strongest developing brand clothes corporations throughout The Indian subcontinent. Global marketing involves models like Van Heusen, Allen Solly, Philip Britain and Louis Philippe. Madura Fashion & Lifestyle has 1607 shops, covering 2.2 sq. ft. connected with retail store room. It has 1,500 premium multi-brand shops along with 320+ departmental shops worldwide, the company outsources engineering, textiles and apparel.
Telecom Services [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Group is the majority shareholder of Idea Cellular. [20] Idea Cellular was started as a joint venture with the AT&T and the Tata Group. After an IPO on the Indian stock markets, Idea Cellular now accounts for a third of the group's market capitalisation, the company is headquartered in Mumbai.
Financial Services [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Financial Services Group (ABFSG)
Aditya Birla Financial Services Group (ABFSG) is the umbrella brand for all the financial services business of The Aditya Birla Group. ABFSG ranks among the top 5 fund managers in India (including LIC) with an AUM of US$ 23 billion. Having a strong presence across the life insurance, asset management, lending (excluding Housing), housing finance, equity & commodity broking, wealth management and distribution, online money management portal—Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse, general insurance advisory and private equity and health insurance businesses. ABFSG is committed to serve the end-to-end financial services needs of its retail and corporate customers; in FY 2018–14, ABFSG reported consolidated revenue from these businesses at just under ₹ 70 billion (US$1.1 billion) and profits of about ₹ 7.5 billion (US$120 million). Anchored by over 14,000 employees and trusted by over 6 million customers, ABFSG has a nationwide reach through 1,500 points of presence and about 130,000 agents/channel partners, the financial services arm of the group is currently headed by Ajay Srinivasan.
Philanthropy [ edit ]
The group's philanthropic activities are looked after by Mrs Rajashree Birla, [21] the group also runs 45 schools and 18 hospitals.
Schools [ edit ]
B. K. Birla Centre For Education, Pune. Birla Public School, Pilani Birla Vidya Niketan, New Delhi [22] Aditya Birla Public School, Nagda Jn Aditya Birla Senior Secondary School, Nagda Jn Aditya Birla Vani Bharati, Rishra, Hooghly( Near Kolkata) [23] Sarala Birla Academy Aditya Birla Public School, Renusagar Aditya Birla Public School, Renukoot Aditya Birla World Academy, Mumbai Aditya Birla Intermediate College, Renukoot Aditya Birla Public School, Kotputli Distt Jaipur, Rajasthan Aditya Birla Public School, Kharach Aditya Birla Higher Secondary School, Veraval Aditya Birla Public School, Veraval Aditya Birla Public School, Jagdishpur, Uttar Pradesh Birla Public School, Doha, Qatar Sarla Birla Academy, Bengaluru [24] [ better source needed ] Aditya Birla Public school, Tikiri-Rayagada Aditya Birla Public School, Khor, Madhya Pradesh Aditya Birla Public School, Chittaurgarh, Rajasthan Aditya Birla Public School, Reddipalayam, Ariyalur Distt, Tamil Nadu Sarala Birla Public School, Ranchi Aditya Birla Public School, Grasim Vihar, Rawan Birla school nainital uttarakhand.
Institutes [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
Kumar Mangalam Birla Birla family Birla Foundation Aditya Birla Minacs Grasim Industries Yash Birla Group CK Birla Group Columbian Chemicals Plant explosion hoax in Centerville, St Mary Parish, Louisiana.
References [ edit ]
^ "Aditya Birla Group | Our group | Milestones". Adityabirla. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 19 November 2018 . & # 160; ^ a b "Aditya Birla Group | Our Group | Aditya Birla Group Profile". Adityabirla. 23 June 2018. ^ "!DEA – An !dea can change your life". Ideacellular. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Contact." Aditya Birla Group. Retrieved on 6 November 2018. "Aditya Birla Group Headquarters - Aditya Birla Centre, 3rd Floor, S K Ahire Marg, Worli, Mumbai, India" ^ "Media | Press releases | Hindalco Industries Ltd. and Novelis Inc. announce an agreement for Hindalco's acquisition of Novelis for nearly US$ 6 billion". Hindalco. 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group – Aditya Birla Group India – Aditya Birla Group Profile – History of Aditya Birla Group". Iloveindia. 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Best Employers in India 2007". Hewitt Associates Best Employers in India Survey . 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco Industries good for long-term investment-Investor's Guide-Features-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ S. Prasannarajan (26 March 2007). "India Today". India Today . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "AVB Group plans to move part of UK mill to India". The Times Of India . 30 June 2018. ^ "Birla buys Novelis for $6 bn". The Indian Express . Índia. 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2007 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco deal may not impact aluminium prices". The Hindu Business Line. 13 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd(500303|ABIRLANUVO) Fundamental details about Management Discussions". Indiainfoline . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Birla rejigs fibre, pulp business-Jobs-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Sven-Erik Bucht på skoglig främjarresa i Indien". News Powered by Cision . Retrieved 2017-11-24 . & # 160; ^ Tandon, Suneera (2018-12-19). "Madura experiments with first omni-channel retail". livemint . Retrieved 2018-05-09 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group enters ecommerce, launches online fashion portal abof - The Economic Times". The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018-05-09 . & # 160; ^ News ^ "Planet Fashion to touch 200 stores mark - Apparel - news - Fashion News India, jobs, network, apparel, business". fashionunited. in . Retrieved 2018-04-09 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group's think tank gets younger-Corporate Trends-News By Company-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco Industries Ltd. | CSR Rating 2009 – Corporate Social Responsibility – India | Details of CSR of the 1–500 companies for the year 08-09". karmayog. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 October 2018 . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Schools". & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Schools". & # 160;
External links [ edit ]
1. Privately held company – More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy.
2. Mumbai – Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited.
3. Maharashtra – Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2018, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2018, however, as of 2017, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally.
4. Chairman – The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs.
5. Agribusiness – Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. The term was coined in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis and it includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it are part of the agribusiness system. Within the agriculture industry, agribusiness is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, there are academic degrees in and departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide. The UNs Food and Agriculture Organization operates a section devoted to agribusiness development which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations, in the context of agribusiness management in academia, each individual element of agriculture production and distribution may be described as agribusinesses. However, the term agribusiness most often emphasizes the interdependence of these various sectors within the production chain, among critics of large-scale, industrialized, vertically integrated food production, the term agribusiness is used negatively, synonymous with corporate farming. As such, it is contrasted with smaller family-owned farms. As concern over global warming intensifies, biofuels derived from crops are gaining increased public and scientific attention and this is driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and support from government subsidies. In Europe and in the US, increased research and production of biofuels has been mandated by law, studies of agribusiness often come from the academic fields of agricultural economics and management studies, sometimes called agribusiness management. To promote more development of economies, many government agencies support the research and publication of economic studies. Some of these studies are on foods produced for export and are derived from agencies focused on food exports and these agencies include the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Austrade, and New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. The Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies and reports by FAS and AAFC, ray A. Goldberg coined the term agribusiness together with coauthor John H. Davis. They provided an economic framework for the field in their book A Concept of Agribusiness. That seminal work traces a complex value-added chain that begins with the purchase of seed and livestock. Agribusiness boundary expansion is driven by a variety of transaction costs, manuel Alvarado Ledesma and Peter D. Goldsmith explain the implications of weak institutions on agribusiness investment. According to them weak institutions lead to development and enforcement grounded in the moment, rather than based on precedent. The Globalization of Agribusiness and Developing World Food Systems, southern Innovator Magazine Issue 3, Agribusiness and Food Security, United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation.
6. Carbon black – Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, however, carbon black is widely used as a model compound for diesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments. Carbon black is used as a reinforcing filler in tires. In plastics, paints, and inks carbon black is used as a color pigment, the current International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluation is that, Carbon black is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Short-term exposure to concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract. Total production was around 8,100,000 metric tons in 2006, the most common use of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage, the high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, the balance is mainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics. For example, it is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, in Europe known as additive E153. It is approved for use as additive 153 in Australia and New Zealand but has been banned in the US, Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. As a good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives. Application of carbon black as an agent has provided uses as an additive for fuel caps. Additionally, the color pigment carbon black has been used in food. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, the Canadian Government’s assessment in 2018 concluded that carbon black should continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. The highest volume use of black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products. It is used often in the Aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts, practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are crucial use carbon black, so they are black in color. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.
7. Cement – A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand, Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater, rather, it sets as it dries and it is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive due to a reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and this allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash with added lime, the word cement can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment. In modern times, organic polymers are used as cements in concrete. Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime, hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide which is present in the air. The carbonation reaction requires the dry cement to be exposed to air and this whole process is called the lime cycle. Conversely, hydraulic cement hardens by hydration when water is added, Hydraulic cements are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being, Belite, Alite, Tricalcium aluminate, Brownmillerite. The chemistry of the above listed reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research, Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary curing ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs, in Egypt stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum, which often contained calcium carbonate. Lime was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks, there is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potshards as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. A kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results and it is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, the Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash with lime. This mixture was able to set under water increasing its resistance, the material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli, west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted. In the absence of ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute.
8. Chemicals – A chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical methods, i. e. without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be chemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys, Chemical substances are often called pure to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a substance is pure water, it has the same properties. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond, gold, table salt, however, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical. Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions. Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, a chemical substance may well be defined as any material with a definite chemical composition in an introductory general chemistry textbook. According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition, a substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties. The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition, in geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures of several minerals are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are an example, anorthoclase is an alkali aluminium silicate. In law, chemical substances may include both pure substances and mixtures with a composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines monoconstituent substances, multiconstituent substances and substances of unknown or variable composition, the latter two consist of multiple chemical substances, however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is a complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures, polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a precursor or reaction.
9. E-commerce – E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. 1979, Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system,1981, Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed. 1982, Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom,1983, California State Assembly holds first hearing on electronic commerce in Volcano, California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone and it is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service. 1989, In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp, introduced Compumarket The first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database,1990, Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer. 1992, Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a sales website selling books online with credit card processing. 1993, Paget Press releases edition No.3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper 1994, Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure. 1994, Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale,1994, Ten Summoners Tales by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket. 1995, The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet, the shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores, Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World and Innovations. 1995, Jeff Bezos launches Amazon. com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK, eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. 1996, IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India,1996, ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea. 1996, The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated Storefronts was an implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia. 1998, Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web,1999, Alibaba Group is established in China. O negócio. com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, the peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell items for the home online. 2000, Complete Idiots Guide to E-commerce released on Amazon 2000,2001, Alibaba. com achieved profitability in December 2001.
10. Retail – Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt.
11. Telecommunication – Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837.
12. Wind power – Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of power sources. Wind farms consist of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is a source of electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations. Wind power gives variable power which is consistent from year to year. It is therefore used in conjunction with other power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid. In addition, weather forecasting permits the power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. As of 2018, Denmark generates 40% of its power from wind. In 2017 global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW, yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electric power usage,11. 4% in the EU. Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind, for more than two millennia wind-powered machines have ground grain and pumped water. Wind power was available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for live stock. The first windmill used for the production of power was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Andersons College. Blyth offered the surplus power to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however. The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 metres in diameter and was mounted on an 18 metres tower, although large by todays standards, the machine was only rated at 12 kW. The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, with the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally-generated power.
13. United States dollar – The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common.
14. Aditya Birla Group – The Aditya Birla Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate named after Aditya Vikram Birla, headquartered in the Aditya Birla Centre in Worli, Mumbai, India. It operates in 40 countries with more than 120,000 employees worldwide, the group was founded by Seth Shiv Narayan Birla in 1857. The group had a revenue of approximately US$41 billion in year 2018 and it is the third-largest Indian private sector conglomerate behind Tata Group with revenue of just over US$100 billion and RIL with revenue of US$74 billion. The Groups non-ferrous metals are under Hindalco Industries and its manufacturing locations are primarily in India and it owns mines in Great Sandy Desert, Australia near Nifty Airport called Birla Nifty Copper Operation. On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. The Group plans to close a part of its aluminium foil making mill in UK, Hindalco makes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium, rolled products, alloy wheels, roofing sheets, wire rods, cast copper rods, copper cathodes and several other products. The Groups cement business was earlier under Grasim Industries and UltraTech Cement, the two entities have now been merged into UltraTech Cement to form Indias largest cement company. UltraTech Cement was acquired from L&T in 2004, after purchasing Columbian Chemicals Co, the Group is now the largest manufacturer of Carbon black worldwide. The Aditya Birla Group is the worlds largest producer of Viscose staple fibre and it operates from India, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and China. It owns the Birla Cellulose brand, apart from viscose staple fibre, the group also owns acrylic fibre businesses in Egypt and Thailand, viscose filament yarn businesses and spinning mills in India and South East Asia. The group has pulp and plantation interests in Canada and Laos and its two companies i. e. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd and Grasim Bhiwani Textiles Ltd which is a subsidiary of Grasim Industries are in textile business. Aditya Birla Group sells in-house and other branded apparel via brick-and-mortar and it also operates a multi brand fashion retail chain Pantaloons. The group ventured into niche target and select portfolio apparel in October 2018 with Abof, Aditya Birla Group is the majority shareholder of Idea Cellular. Idea Cellular was started as a joint venture with the AT&T, after an IPO on the Indian stock markets, Idea Cellular now accounts for a third of the groups market capitalisation. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, Aditya Birla Financial Services Group Aditya Birla Financial Services Group is the umbrella brand for all the financial services business of The Aditya Birla Group. ABFSG ranks among the top 5 fund managers in India with an AUM of US$23 billion, ABFSG is committed to serve the end-to-end financial services needs of its retail and corporate customers. In FY 2018–14, ABFSG reported consolidated revenue from these businesses at just under ₹70 billion, anchored by over 14,000 employees and trusted by over 6 million customers, ABFSG has a nationwide reach through 1,500 points of presence and about 130,000 agents/channel partners. The groups philanthropic activities are looked after by Mrs Rajashree Birla, the group also runs 45 schools and 18 hospitals.
15. India – India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2018, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety.
16. Worli – Worli is a locality in the city of Mumbai in Indian state of Maharashtra. It is also spelt as, Varli, Worlee, Warli and it is an important commercial and industrial centre in the city. Worli was one of the seven islands that constituted the city of Mumbai. Although primarily a village, the Worli Fort, a British fort that is now in ruins, is located there. It is known for being home to Dishankeshwar Kalsi, considered Indias first homosexual stage performer, Worli later became known as the land of the Kalsi. Worli has a mosque, the Haji Ali Dargah, on a rock in the sea, the island of Worli was connected to the main island of Bombay in 1784, with the completion of the Hornby Vellard. The Hornby Vellard is now known as Lala Lajpat Rai Road, in 1842, the Love Grove sewage pumping station was completed. It has special mitre gates opening to the sea, which are opened during periods of low tide, the pumping station is built on Dr Annie Besant road which was formerly known as the Love Grove Road. The British had built four bungalows for its administrative heads on the stretch ahead of the Love Grove Pumping station back in the 1930s and these bungalows are now replaced by the ATRIA Mall. D. Y. Patil International High School Maratha Mandir R. A, podar Medical College GreenLawns School Worli Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar School Unnati Night High School French International School of Bombay The Japanese School of Mumbai was formerly located in Worli. Worli is a part of South Mumbai which extends from Haji Ali to Prabhadevi and it is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the neighbourhoods of Haji Ali to the south, Mahalaxmi to the east and Prabhadevi to the north. The nearest railway station to the neighbourhood is Mahalaxmi And Elphinstone is also nearest railway station from Worli, with the commissioning of the Bandra-Worli Sealink, Worli Sea-Face is now better connected with Western Suburbs. Aditya Birla Group has its office in Worli. Childline India has its office on the fourth floor of the Sumer Kendra Building in P. B. Worli has been one of the busiest office areas in Mumbai since the late 70s, the first major development was the Shivsagar Estate located on Dr Annie Besant Road. The major companies having properties here are GSK Pharma, TATA, Novartis, HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, Siemens, CEAT, till September 1997 Poonam Chambers had the offices of companies like ESAB, US Vitamins But after the building collapsed they had to shift. The latest developments are happening in the old Mill lands with many television stations having their studios in them, even multinational companies like Deloitte have set their base in Worli. Even malls have emerged with Launch of Atria on 20 May 2006, the Worli-Bandra Sealink is located on Worli Sea Face.
17. Tata Group – Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded in 1868 by Jamshedji Tata and gained recognition after purchasing several global companies. In 2018-16, the revenue of Tata companies altogether is $103.51 billion and these companies collectively employ over 660,000 people. Each Tata company or enterprise operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders, the Tata Group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 for philanthropic activities. The new building will be called the Tata Hall and used for the executive education programmes. The amount is the largest from a donor to Harvard Business School One Tata project brought together Tata Group companies was developing a compact. It was called Tata swach which means clean in Hindi and would cost less than 1000 rupees, the idea of Tata swach was thought of from the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which left thousands of people without clean drinking water. This device has filters that last about a long for a family of five. It is a low-cost product available for people who have no access to drinking water in their homes. The advantage of this device is that it not require the use of electricity. TCS also designed and donated an innovative software package that supposedly teaches illiterate adults how to read in 40 hours, the children of the people who have been through our literacy program are all in school, says Pankaj Baliga, global head of corporate social responsibility for TCS. In 1912, Tata Group expanded their CEOs concept of community philanthropy to be included in the workplace and they instituted an eight-hour workday, before nearly any other company in the world. In 1917, they recommended a policy for Tata employees. The company would be among the first worldwide to organise modern pension systems, workers compensation, maternity benefits, the charitable trusts of Tata Group fund a variety of projects, for example the Tata Swach and the TCS project. Each Tata Group company channels more than 4 percent of its income to the trusts. After the Mumbai attacks, salaries of the attacked Taj Hotel employees were paid despite the hotel being closed for reconstruction, about 1600 employees were provided food, water, sanitation and first aid through employee outreach centres. Ratan Tata personally visited families of all the employees that were affected, the employees relatives were flown to Mumbai from outside areas and were all accommodated for 3 weeks. Tata also covered compensation for employees, police staff.
18. Reliance Industries – Reliance Industries Limited is an Indian conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Reliance owns businesses across India engaged in energy, petrochemicals, textiles, natural resources, retail, the company is ranked 215th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2018. It is ranked 8th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts as of 2018, the company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the business of the firm. In 1966, Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra and it established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat. In 1975, the company expanded its business into textiles, with Vimal becoming its major brand in later years, the company held its Initial public offering in 1977. The issue was over-subscribed by seven times, in 1979, a textiles company Sidhpur Mills was amalgamated with the company. In 1985, the name of the company was changed from Reliance Textiles Industries Ltd. to Reliance Industries Ltd, during the years 1985 to 1992, the company expanded its installed capacity for producing polyester yarn by over 145,000 tonnes per annum. The Hazira petrochemical plant was commissioned in 1991–92, in 1993, Reliance turned to the overseas capital markets for funds through a global depositary issue of Reliance Petroleum. In 1996, it became the first private company in India to be rated by international credit rating agencies. S&P rated Reliance BB+, stable outlook, constrained by the sovereign ceiling, moodys rated Baa3, Investment grade, constrained by the sovereign ceiling. In 1995/96, the company entered the industry through a joint venture with NYNEX, USA. In 1998/99, RIL introduced packaged LPG in 15 kg cylinders under the brand name Reliance Gas, the years 1998–2000 saw the construction of the integrated petrochemical complex at Jamnagar in Gujarat, the largest refinery in the world. In 2001, Reliance Industries Ltd. and Reliance Petroleum Ltd. became Indias two largest companies in terms of all major financial parameters, in 2001–02, Reliance Petroleum was merged with Reliance Industries. In 2002, Reliance announced Indias biggest gas discovery in nearly three decades and one of the largest gas discoveries in the world during 2002. The in-place volume of gas was in excess of 7 trillion cubic feet. This was the first ever discovery by an Indian private sector company, in 2002–03, RIL purchased a majority stake in Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. Indias second largest petrochemicals company, from Government of India, IPCL was later merged with RIL in 2008.
19. Hindalco – Hindalco Industries Ltd. an aluminium manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and it is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business. The company has sales of US$15 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank and its market capitalisation by the end of May 2018 was US$3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the worlds largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, the Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco, a 801.57 MW captive power plant which is about 40 km from Renukoot, Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. A467.5 MW captive power plant located at Hirakud and this plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries. A90 MW captive power plant located at Doraguda, Rayagada District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Utkal Refinery of Hindalco Industries. A900 MW captive power plant located at Lapanga, Sambalpur District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Aditya smelter of Hindalco Industries. Mahan Hindalco Industries Ltd. a 900 MW captive power plant, on 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, making the combined entity the worlds largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the worlds largest producer of rolled aluminium, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc. acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued, immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America, the day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a US$600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but K. M, Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium. In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited with 74.6 per cent equity holding, in July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc. s in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Orissa. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, as on 30 June 2018, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 32% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx.
20. Novelis – Novelis Inc. is an industrial aluminum company, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, United States Novelis is a leading producer of rolled aluminum and the global leader in beverage can recycling. The company serves customers in sectors including beverage cans, automotive, consumer electronics, construction, foil, the Novelis company was spun off from Canadian mining and aluminum manufacturer, Alcan Inc. and incorporated in 2005. The company was acquired by Indias Hindalco Industries for $6 billion in 2007, the acquisition made Hindalco one of the worlds top integrated aluminum players. This makes Novelis a member of the Aditya Birla Group, Novelis is the world’s largest producer of rolled aluminum sheet, with operations spanning 11 countries and nearly 11,000 employees. Its Oswego Works automotive department is its highest earning site, the company divides its operations into four regions, North America, Europe, Asia, and South America. The regional headquarters are Atlanta, Zurich, Seoul, and Sao Paulo, Novelis also has operations in UK, Germany, Italy, France, Canada, China, Malaysia and Vietnam. The company invested $100 million in its first manufacturing facility in China, in July 2017, it announced that Reynolds Consumer Products Inc. a subsidiary of the Rank Group of New Zealand, purchased the North American consumer products division of Novelis, for CAD $33. 75mn. Novelis recycles approximately 50 billion cans each year, the Novelis report received an A rating from the Global Reporting Initiative, the worlds most widely used framework for sustainability reporting. 2018 Innovation Award from BMW2009 Vision Award from Keep America Beautiful Novelis web site.
21. Hindalco Industries – Hindalco Industries Ltd. an aluminium manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and it is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business. The company has sales of US$15 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank and its market capitalisation by the end of May 2018 was US$3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the worlds largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, the Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco, a 801.57 MW captive power plant which is about 40 km from Renukoot, Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. A467.5 MW captive power plant located at Hirakud and this plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries. A90 MW captive power plant located at Doraguda, Rayagada District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Utkal Refinery of Hindalco Industries. A900 MW captive power plant located at Lapanga, Sambalpur District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Aditya smelter of Hindalco Industries. Mahan Hindalco Industries Ltd. a 900 MW captive power plant, on 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, making the combined entity the worlds largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the worlds largest producer of rolled aluminium, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc. acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued, immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America, the day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a US$600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but K. M, Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium. In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited with 74.6 per cent equity holding, in July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc. s in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Orissa. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, as on 30 June 2018, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 32% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx.
22. UltraTech Cement – UltraTech Cement Limited is Indias biggest cement company and India’s largest exporter of cement clinker based in Mumbai, India. The company is part of the Aditya Birla Group and division of Grasim Industries and it has an annual capacity of 64 million tonnes. UltraTech cement has been awarded the Superbrand status and it manufactures and markets ordinary Portland cement, londonblast furnace slag cement, white cement and Portland Pozzolana cement. It also manufactures ready-mix concrete and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks with brand name Ultratech Xtralite, the export markets span countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. UltraTech is Indias largest exporter of cement clinker, most of the plants have ISO9001, ISO14001 and OHSAS18001 certification. In addition, two have received ISO27001 certification and four have received SA8000 certification, the process is currently underway for the remaining plants. The company exports over 2.5 million tonnes per annum, the export market consists of countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Export is a thrust area in the strategy for growth. These applications cover dry-lean mixes, general-purpose ready-mixes, and even high strength pre-cast, slag brings with it the advantage of the energy invested in the slag making. Grinding slag for cement replacement takes only 25 per cent of the energy needed to manufacture Portland cement, using slag cement to replace a portion of Portland cement in a concrete mixture is a useful method to make concrete better and more consistent. Portland Pozzolana cement Portland pozzolana cement is ordinary Portland cement blended with pozzolanic materials, Subsequently, Samruddhi Cement Limited amalgamated with UltraTech Cement Limited in July 2018. Grasim decides to acquire an 8.5 per cent equity stake from L&T and then make an offer for 30 per cent of the equity of CemCo. Grasim increases its stake in L&T to 14.15 per cent Arakkonam grinding unit 2001, Grasim acquires 10 per cent stake in L&T. Subsequently, increases stake to 15.
23. Grasim Industries – Grasim Industries Limited is an Indian building materials manufacturing company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was started in 1948 as a textile manufacturer, Grasim is the worlds largest producer of viscose rayon fiber with about 24% market share. Textile and related products contributes to 15% of the group turnover, Grasim Industries Operates Private Harihar Airport In Harihar, Karnataka. The airport served as an air strip for private charter service. Grasim Industries Limited was incorporated in 1948, Grasim is the largest exporter of Viscose Rayon Fiber in the country, elegant Textiles in 1973 in Indonesia. Thai Rayon incorporated in 1974, this was the company in Thailand. Century Textiles Co. Ltd. is taken over by Aditya Birla Group in 1974, PT Sunrise Bumi Textiles incorporated in 1979, it produces yarn exported over 30 countries in 6 continents. P. T Indo Bharat Rayon incorporated in 1980 produces Viscose Staple Fiber in Indonesia and this company supplies to sectors such as food, textiles, electrical and electronics, composites, leather, plastics and automobiles. PT Indo Liberty Textiles was incorporated in 1995 to manufacture synthetic spun yarn, in late 1990s and later, the focus was the textile business following the end of Multi-Fiber Arrangement. Together, Grasim Industries Ltd. and Tembec, Canada acquired AV Nackawic Inc. which produces dissolving pulp, Grasim Industries Ltd. supplies Viscose Staple Fiber. The Aditya Birla Groups VSF manufacturing plants are in Thailand, Indonesia, India, in 2003, its Chemical Division was awarded the Best of all Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award.
24. Larsen & Toubro – Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-national conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was founded by two Danish engineers taking refuge in India, the company has business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing goods, information technology, and financial services, and has offices worldwide. Larsen & Toubro originated from a company founded in 1938 in Bombay, the company began as a representative of Danish manufacturers of dairy equipment. However, with the start of the Second World War in 1939 and the restriction on imports. Germanys invasion of Denmark in 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products, the war-time need to repair and refit ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships signalling the expansion of the company, the sudden internment of German engineers in British India, who were to put up a soda ash plant for the Tatas, gave L&T a chance to enter the field of installation. In 1944, ECC was incorporated by the partners, the company at time was focused on construction projects. By 1945, the company represented British manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture such as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps. In 1945, the signed an agreement with Caterpillar Tractor Company, USA. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices and this prompted them to raise additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private Limited was incorporated. After Indias independence in 1947, L&T set up offices in Calcutta, Madras, in 1948,55 acres of undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in Powai, Mumbai. A previously uninhabitable swamp subsequently became the site of its main manufacturing hub, in December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital of ₹20 lakh. The sales turnover in that year was ₹1.09 crore, in 1956, a major part of the companys Mumbai office moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate, which would later be purchased by the company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters. During the 1960s, ventures included UTMAL, Audco India Limited, Eutectic Welding Alloys, L&T has formed a joint venture with SapuraCrest Petroleum Berhad, Malaysia for providing services to the offshore construction industry. The joint venture will own and operate the LTS3000, a vessel for heavy lifting and pipe-laying. L&T Power has set up an organisation focused on coal-based, gas-based, L&T has formed two joint ventures with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan to manufacture super critical boilers and steam turbine generators. L&T is among the largest five fabrication companies in the world, L&T has a shipyard capable of constructing vessels of up to 150 metre long and displacement of 20,000 tons at its heavy engineering complex at Hazira, Gujarat. The shipyard constructs specialised heavy-lift ships, CNG carriers, chemical tankers, defence & para-military vessels, submarines, the design wing of L&T ECC is EDRC, which provides consultancy, design and services.
25. Viscose – Viscose is both a semi-synthetic fiber, formerly called viscose rayon, or rayon and a solution of cellulose xanthate. The latter is produced by treating dissolving pulp with aqueous sodium hydroxide, byproducts of the production process include sodium thiocarbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide. Viscose rayon fiber is a soft fiber commonly used in dresses, linings, shirts, shorts, coats, jackets and it is also used in industrial yarns, upholstery and carpets, and in the casting of Cellophane. When Viscose is made, the cellulose is made of wood pulp, Viscose rayon is a fiber of regenerated cellulose, it is structurally similar to cotton but may be produced from a variety of plants such as soy, bamboo, and sugar cane. Cellulose is a polymer of β-D-glucose units with the empirical formula n. To prepare viscose, dissolving pulp is treated with sodium hydroxide to form alkali cellulose. The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, N + nCS2 → n The higher the ratio of cellulose to combined sulfur, the lower the solubility of the cellulose xanthate. The xanthate is dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide and allowed to depolymerize to a desired extent, the rate of depolymerization depends on temperature and is affected by the presence of various inorganic and organic additives, such as metal oxides and hydroxides. Air also affects the process since oxygen causes depolymerization. Rayon fiber is produced from the solutions by treatment with a mineral acid. The thread made from the cellulose is washed to remove residual acid. The sulfur is removed by the addition of sodium sulfide solution. The use of viscose is declining, in part because of the costs of its production. Carbon disulphide is a neurotoxic to humans, instead, rayon may be manufactured using the Lyocell process, which uses N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide as the solvent and produces little waste product, making it relatively eco-friendly. French scientist and industrialist Hilaire de Chardonnet — who invented the first artificial textile fiber, British scientists Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan took out British patent no. 8,700, Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds in May,1892, in 1893 they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences, and in 1896 formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd. to exploit the process. Art silk Cellophane Rayon Sausage casings Synthetic velvet Viscose, archived from the original on 2008-06-25.
26. Acrylic fibre – Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer with an average molecular weight of.
100,000, about 1900 monomer units. For a fiber to be called acrylic in the US, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer, typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate. DuPont created the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name Orlon and it was first developed in the mid-1940s but was not produced in large quantities until the 1950s. Strong and warm, acrylic fiber is used for sweaters and tracksuits and as linings for boots and gloves, as well as in furnishing fabrics. It is manufactured as a filament, then cut into short staple lengths similar to wool hairs, modacrylic is a modified acrylic fiber that contains at least 35% and at most 85% acrylonitrile monomer. The comonomers vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride or vinyl bromide used in modacrylic give the fiber flame retardant properties, end-uses of modacrylic include faux fur, wigs, hair extensions and protective clothing. The polymer is formed by free-radical polymerization in aqueous suspension, washing, stretching, drying and crimping complete the processing. Acrylic fibers are produced in a range of deniers, typically from 0.9 to 15, end uses include sweaters, hats, hand-knitting yarns, socks, rugs, awnings, boat covers, and upholstery, the fiber is also used as PAN precursor for carbon fiber. Production of acrylic fibers is centered in the Far East, Turkey, India, Mexico, US producers have ended production, though acrylic tow and staple are still spun into yarns in the USA. Former U. S. brands of acrylic included Acrilan, other brand names that are still in use include Dralon and Drytex. Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm, with a wool-like feel and it can also be made to mimic other fibers, such as cotton, when spun on short staple equipment. Some acrylic is extruded in colored or pigmented form, other is extruded in ecru, otherwise known as natural, raw white and its fibers are very resilient compared to both other synthetics and natural fibers. Some acrylic is used in clothing as an expensive alternative to cashmere. Some acrylic fabrics may fuzz or pill easily, though there are low-pilling variants, acrylic takes color well, is washable, and is generally hypoallergenic. End-uses include socks, hats, gloves, scarves, sweaters, home furnishing fabrics, acrylic can also be used to make fake fur and to make many different knitted clothes. As acrylic is a fiber, the larvae of clothes moths are unable to digest it. However, acrylic fibers that are blended with wool or soiled may be eaten as a consequence of having blended fibers, the fiber requires heat to relax or set the shape of the finished garment, and it isnt as warm when wet as alternatives like wool. Some hand-knitters also complain that the fiber squeaks when knitted, or that it is painful to knit with because of a lack of give or stretch in the yarn, on the other hand, it is machine-washable and extremely color-fast.
27. Idea Cellular – Idea Cellular is an Indian mobile network operator based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Idea is a pan-India integrated GSM operator offering 2G, 3G, Idea is India’s third largest mobile operator by subscriber base. Idea has 191 million subscribers as of 31 December 2018, Idea Cellular Infrastructure Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of Idea Cellular which maintains the tower assets and network infrastructures. During its inception in 1995, Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group, following AT&T Wireless merger with Cingular Wireless in 2004, Cingular decided to sell its 32. 9% stake in Idea. This stake was bought by the remaining two stakeholders equally, malaysia based Axiata bought a 19. 96% stake in the company in 2009. On 20 March 2017, Idea and Vodafone India announced that their boards had approved a merger of the two companies. The merger will not include Vodafones 42% stake in Indus Towers Ltd, the merger will create the largest telecom company in India by subscribers and by revenue. Under the terms of the deal, the Vodafone will hold a 45. 1% stake in the entity, the Aditya Birla Group will hold 26%. The merger is expected to be completed by March 2019, Idea competes with other major mobile operators including Airtel, Vodafone, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Aircel, Telenor and Tata DoCoMo. 5% while the rest remain below 9%. On 19 May 2018, in the 3G spectrum auction Idea paid ₹57.68 billion for spectrum in 11 circles, Idea launched its first 3G services in 2018. As of 31 Mar 2018, Idea Cellular offers 3G services on its own spectrum in 13 telecom service areas—the latest being Delhi and Kolkata. Idea has now launched its own 4G LTE services in over 350 towns across 10 telecom service areas including its service areas like Maharashtra, Kerala, MP&CG, AP&T, Punjab. It now provides 4G services in the areas of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering large metros and mini metros of Chennai. Idea strengthened its base after the launch of MNP in India. As per information available in the domain, Idea leads the net port ins and is ahead of both Airtel and Vodafone in gaining from Mobile Number Portability.
28. AT&T Inc. – AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate, headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas, Texas. AT&T is the third-largest company in Texas, as of February 2017, AT&T is the 12th largest company in the world as measured by a composite of revenues, profits, assets and market valuation. AT&T is the largest telecommunications company in the world by revenue, as of 2017, it is also the 18th-largest mobile telecom operator in the world, with 135 million mobile customers. AT&T was ranked at #4 on the 2017 rankings of the worlds most valuable brands published by Brand Finance, Southwestern Bell changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995. In 2005, SBC purchased former parent AT&T Corp. and took on its branding, with the merged entity naming itself AT&T Inc. and using the iconic AT&T Corp. logo and stock-trading symbol. The current AT&T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies, AT&T can trace its origin back to the original Bell Telephone Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell after his invention of the telephone. This monopoly was known as the Bell System, and during this period, for periods of time, the former AT&T was the worlds largest phone company. In 1982, U. S. regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its regional subsidiaries and these new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells. AT&T continued to long distance services, but as a result of this breakup, faced competition from new competitors such as MCI. Southwestern Bell was one of the created by the breakup of AT&T. The architect of divestiture for Southwestern Bell was Robert G. Pope, the company soon started a series of acquisitions. This includes the 1987 acquisition of Metromedia mobile business, and the acquisition of several companies in the early 1990s. In the later half of the 1990s, the company acquired several other companies, including some Baby Bells. During this time, the changed its name to SBC Communications. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, in 2005, SBC purchased AT&T for $16 billion. After this purchase, SBC adopted the better-known AT&T name and brand, the current AT&T claims the original AT&Ts history as its own, though its corporate structure only dates from 1983. It also retains SBCs pre-2005 stock price history, in September 2018, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with Carlos Slims América Móvil. In December 2018, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-based Frontier Communications, in July 2018, AT&T purchased DirecTV for $48.5 billion, or $67.1 billion including assumed debt.
29. IPO – Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering.
30. Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse – MyUniverse is an online money management platform offered through Aditya Birla Customer Services Limited, under Aditya Birla Financial Services Group for the Aditya Birla Group. It is an online money management platform, offering customers an opportunity to manage their finances. It operates from its office located in the financial capital of India - Mumbai, Maharashtra. The purpose of it was to get a single view of their financial universe. It also offers expense tracking, setting budgets, tracking transactions, registering for bill payment, the key products and services are as follows, Aggregate - Manage all your bank, loan and investment accounts in one place. Análise & amp; Advice - Get customized advice based on financial and risk profile across all investment categories, transact - Act on analysis and advice by completing transaction in one place. Invest - Invest in Mutual Funds online, MyUniverse was voted Product of the year 2018 by Nielsens Consumer Survey of Product Innovation in the Financial Services category and also won Finnoviti-2018. GOSF - Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse was the partner for Google’s Great Online Shopping Festival that took place between 10 December 2017 and 12 December 2017. ZipSIP - ZipSIP is a new service that helps investors invest in Mutual Funds in a few minutes, Tax - MyUniverse has partnered with H&R Block for providing online Tax filing services to all its subscribers. MyUniverse subscribers can file Taxes for FREE with this facility, bill Pay - MyUniverse helps its subscribers pay bills online of all major utility companies. Maxit - Maxit is an app that gives its user the offer based on their spending pattern & current location, Money Moves - Money Moves is a financial information platform by MyUniverse.
31. Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Birla Institute of Technology & Science is an Indian institute of higher education and a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956. The university has 15 academic departments, and focuses primarily on education in engineering. It is widely known as the best private engineering institute and stands among the top Engineering, the institute was established in its present form in 1964. During this period, the transformation from a regional engineering college to a national university was backed by G. D. Birla. BITS has established centres at Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad and Dubai, BITS administers the all-India computerised competitive entrance examination, BITSAT, Admission is merit-based, as assessed by the BITSAT examination. The fully residential institute is privately supported, the Birla Education Trust was founded in 1929, the intermediate college became a degree college and later offered postgraduate courses. The masters programme in electronics began in 1955, reacting to criticism about the project, Drew said, In my judgment to attempt to develop an American institution in India would be like trying to graft apples on a pine tree. We have not been asked to make such an attempt and we were asked to help devise in India an Indian technological school to produce graduates with the know-how to produce knowledge pertinent for India…. In many respects they consider us immature, rude, hypocritical barbarians who in certain respects happened to hit it lucky, to be viable in India an institution must be framed with Indian values in mind. In 1964, the Birla Colleges of Humanities, Commerce, Engineering, Pharmacy, the board provided direction in developing a curriculum, selecting equipment, upgrading the library and recruiting an Indian faculty. To quicken the pace of reform he convinced C. R. Mitra to be the new director of the institute, Mitra advocated a practice school internship program as a requirement for faculty and students. The Practice School Program is still a requirement for students in BITS, BITS Pilani became a deemed university established under Section 3 of the UGC Act,1956 by notification No. The acceptance rate of BITS Pilani is 1. 47% based on the data of BITSAT2018, in 1999, enrollment expanded from 2,500 to 4,000 and campuses were founded in Dubai and Goa. In 2006, BITS Pilani acquired 200 acres of land from the Andhra Pradesh government through the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority for a new campus, the land is located in Jawaharnagar, Shameerpet Mandal in the Rangareddy district. The BITS Pilani Hyderabad campus opened in 2008, the school also has a virtual university, BITS Pilani has a tradition of long-serving chancellors and vice-chancellors. Its founder, G. D. Birla, was chancellor from the colleges inception until his death in 1983 and he was followed by his son, Krishna Kumar Birla, who was chancellor until his death in 2008. Currently, Kumar Mangalam Birla is chancellor and Shobhana Bhartia is pro-chancellor, the first academic head of the institution was J. C. Stracliff and V. Lakshminarayanan for a period of 3 years during 1946-1949, V. Lakshminarayan became Principal of Birla Engineering College in 1949, then becoming the first Director of BITS-Pilani in 1964 when it was formed and served till 1969.
32. Pilani – Pilani is a small town situated in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, India. Administratively, it forms a part of Jhunjhunu district, the place became popular since the establishment of BITS Pilani. As of the 2018 Census of India, Pilani has a population of 29,741 of which 51% are males, the average literacy rate is 72%. Male literacy is 80% and female 63%, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Pilani has a continental, semi-arid climate, typical of North Western India, summers, which last from late March till the end of June are extremely hot and dry. They are followed by the months of July, August and early September, where temperatures drop slightly. The months from late October to early March see warm days, Pilani is home to the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, one of Indias engineering institutes, which was deemed to be a university in 1964. Apart from BITS, Pilani also has one of the major CSIR labs for advanced research in electronics, the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, the GD Birla Memorial Polytechnic Institute, established in 1988 in Pilani, is one of the top ranked diploma colleges in Rajasthan. In 2009, Shridhar University was established under the State Government Act as a private university, the University provides various higher education programs up to doctoral level. Schools include Birla High School, Birla Public School and Birla Balika Vidyapeeth, Birla School Pilani is providing education from 1901. Pilani is 208 kilometres from Jaipur and 193 kilometres from Delhi and has a bus transport system. Birla Institute of Technology and Science Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology Mr. Amit Goswami a Electronics Engineer in Bangalore.
33. Dubai – Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2018, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2017, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries.
34. Birla Institute of Management Technology – Birla Institute of Management Technology is graduate business school located in Greater Noida, an education hub in the National Capital Region of India. It was established in the year 1988, the Institute was founded under the aegis of the Birla Academy of Art and Culture. Harivansh Chaturvedi is the current Director of the institute, during the two-year programme,1250 hours of class room teaching is provided along with extra and co-curriculum activities that are parts of the programme. The students enrolled in the programme are part of the student bodies drawn from all programmes of the institute. The student conduit has members from seven committees i. e. Discipline Committee, Mess Committee, Newsletter Committee, Media Committee, Cultural Committee and Sports Committee and these conduits not only apprise students of latest developments in their respective fields but also engage them in organizing various activities. The PGDM-IB is a two-year, AICTE-approved, full-time program focused on international and global business relationships as well as the import/export business, the number of applicants admitted to this program is limited to 60 currently. The PGDM-IB is spread over six terms offering three areas of specialization, Marketing, Finance and Operations. A part of the curriculum includes a mandatory port visits India or abroad for the practical knowledge of Imports exports. This course was launched in 2000 by the Centre for Insurance, with dual specialization in Life and Non-life insurance. after the year 2018100 placement record of this course. The first of its kind in the country to offer education in Insurance and Risk Management. This two-year, Full-time, programme has been approved by AICTE, MHRD, to develop competence in management of risk through fundamentals of Insurance with specialization in management of insurance company, underwriting & gerenciamento de riscos. The aim of the Centre for Risk Management and Insurance of BIMTECH is to turn out management executives who can, so to say, two-year, Full-time, Accredited by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority, Govt. of India, the course has an intake of 60 students. The Chartered Insurance Institute, UK has accorded recognition to the PGDM-IBM course and this two-year PGDM has been recognized as equivalent to the Associate level of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai. The Retail Management Programme Is an AICTE-approved two-year full-time education focused on retailing and merchandising management, the PGDM program is the pioneer two-year full-time program in Retail Management approved by AICTE. Centre for Research Studies conducts doctoral and post-doctoral programmes, PHD programme is offered in collaboration with University of Mysore, Mysore, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Rajasthan and University of Assam, Silchar. FPM is a popular autonomous doctoral programme approved by AICTE, BIMTECH has over 65+ full-time faculty, and on a daily and yearly basis, about 15 and 250 respectively visiting faculty. BIMTECH is located in Greater Noida in the capital region. Most of the Institutes research work is published in the form of reports, journals, research papers, interviews.
35. Greater Noida – Greater Noida City is a north Indian city with a population in excess of 100,000, located in the Gautam Budh Nagar district of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the purview of the National Capital Region of India, situated 30 km south-east of capital city of New Delhi, it takes around 30 minutes to travel between the cities via the Noida-Greater Noida Expressway. Before Greater Noida City, there were two areas that had been developed—Gurgaon, across the border from Haryana, and Noida, across the border with Uttar Pradesh, noidas infrastructure was carefully laid out, but the 1990s saw huge growth in the Indian economy. Migration to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Noida was developed to accommodate population growth for 20–25 years. The massive population influx to Delhi, however, caused it to overload in a mere 15 years, although intake is not complete, the government of Uttar Pradesh decided to develop another city as an extension to Noida with better planning. The idea was to create a city approximately 25 km from Noida. During the 1990s, the Noida extension became what is known as Greater Noida. The development of the city is managed by the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, Greater Noida is connected to Agra by the six-lane Yamuna Expressway. The annual Indian Grand Prix is held at the Buddh International Circuit, roads are wide with service lanes for every major road. The sectors are named by letters of the Greek alphabet, all cabling and utilities have been built underground. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma are the oldest sectors, the other emerging sectors include Xu, Delta, Mu, Omicron and Tau. A park has been named Amar Shaheed Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan by the Uttar Pradesh Government, the 12th and 14th Auto Expos were held at India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, in February 2017 and 2018 respectively. All sectors under Noida Extension are very much a part of the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, as of late 2018, plans were being formed to rename it to Greater Noida. Planners intended the area to provide NCR region housing, as per provisional data of the 2018 census, Greater Noida had a population of 107,676, with 58,662 males and 49,014 females. The literacy rate was 86. 54%,91. 48% of males and 80. 65% of females, the demographics of Greater Noida mainly consist of students, corporate employees, and labourers. Students are often temporary residents from other parts of India and abroad, Greater Noida and Noida combined have approximately 200 villages, out of which 110 have a Gurjar majority and 50 villages have yadav as a majority. Greater Noida has a similar climate to Delhi, very hot and dry during summer, hot and humid during monsoons, pleasant and dry during spring and autumn, and cool to cold during winters. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the falls under seismic zone-III, on a scale of I to V while the wind and cyclone zoning is a very high damage risk.
36. Bhubaneshwar – Bhubaneswar, also spelt as Bhubaneshwar /ˌbʊbəˈneɪʃwər/, the capital of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic, along with the old town, the region of Bhubaneswar, historically was often depicted as Ekamra Kshetra. Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established only in 1948, with many 8th-12th century CE Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India. With Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja, one of eastern Indias most visited destinations, Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949,2 years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946, along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern Indias first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2018, Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the countrys fastest-developing cities, the foundation of the modern Bhubaneswar city was laid in 1948, although the areas in and around the city have a history going back to 1st century BCE or earlier. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar is the site of the Kalinga War, one of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272–236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty and his Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas. In 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, after the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagar was located in present-day Bhubaneswar district, after them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area. Most of the temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area, during their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured. In the 16th century, the area came under Mughal control, the Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province, the capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints.
37. Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences – The Technological Institute of Textile and Sciences, founded in 1943, offers engineering programs and postgraduate programs. It is one of the oldest colleges in India, the Technical College established in 1943 was initially affiliated to the Department of Industrial Training, Punjab for 3-year Diploma course in Spinning Technology and Weaving Technology. TITS remained a part of the Birla Education Trust up to 31 March 1985, to reflect the expanded instructional facilities and new courses the Society was rechristened as The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences. The institute provides lectures by in-house and visiting faculty, expert lectures, discussions, seminars, project assignments and visits to industries, the Institute is attached to a Textile Factory for training the students under actual mill conditions and working environment. Students undergo extensive practical and theoretical training sessions and they can handle the mechanical and administrative issues confidently and independently. The mill management can rest assured for the responsibilities entrusted to theses trained technocrats and that is why TITS technologists are readily accepted by the textile industry. Founded in 1943, the Technological Institute of Textile and Sciences is a center for research, the visionary Padma Vibhushan Dr. Ghanshyam Das Birla established the institute in 1943 under the auspices of the Birla Education Trust. Its administration vests in the TITS College Managing Committee which is constituted according to the constitution prescribed by the All India Council for Technical Education, the institute has attached to it a textile mill for training the students under working conditions and for conducting research. This association of a mill with an institute in textile technology is unique in India. This institute is among those few institutes in India that offer degrees in technology at the level as opposed to the B. E.1943 - Diploma in Textile Manufacturing 1952 - B. Tech in Textile Technology 1986 - B, Tech in Computer Engineering 1999 - B. Tech in Electronics and Instrumentation and B. Tech in Fashion, admission to the four-year B. Tech course is made on the basis of merit of JEE main exam conducted by CBSE with an intake of 400 students. Courses have an intake of 66 students, and M. B. A. courses have an intake of 40 students. Admission to the two-year MBA degree course is made on the basis of merit of CMAT scores conducted by AICTE, the total land area available with the TIT&S Society governing the Institute is 112 acres out of which an area of 1,09,694 Sqm. The college has three libraries with large variety of books in them, the institute is located in Birla Colony, opposite Bhiwani railway station. Bhiwani town in Haryana has just over half a million people and lies on the broad gauge line connecting Rewari, Bhatinda, Hisar, Jaipur, Rohtak, Delhi. It is connected by bus service to Delhi and all major towns of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan. There are four hostels for boys and one hostel for girls, having a total of 500 single-seated rooms with a dining hall, a fully vegetarian hostel mess is run by the students.
38. Birla family – The Birla family is a family connected with the industrial and social history of India. The Birla family belong to the Maheshwari subcaste of the Vaishya caste, specifically, the family originates from the town of Pilani in the Shekhawati region lying between Marwad proper and Haryana state. In Pilani during the early 19th century lived Seth Shobharam, grandson of Seth Bhudharmal and it was his son, Seth Shiv Narain, who first ventured outside Pilani. At this time, Ahmedabad was the railhead which serviced trade from a region of northwest India. Goods would be brought from the hinterland to the city and sent from there by train to Bombay for export to England, several cotton ginning units were also set up in Ahmedabad, to clean the cotton before shipment to England. Shiv Narain Birla was one of the early Indian traders to participate in this cotton trade, later, Britain vigorously fostered the trade of opium with China and developed the cultivation of poppy in India. The Ratlam-Mandsaur region became prime poppy cropland due to suitable soil, Shiv Narain Birla and his adopted son, Baldeo Das Birla, made an enormous fortune by trading opium with China, and this formed the basis of the familys fortune. To facilitate this, he moved to Bombay in 1863, Shiv Narain Birla had one overweening sorrow in his life, he had no children. By the early 1880s, Shiv Narain had passed on the baton of his business interests to his son, Baldeo Das Birla, established Shivnarayan Baldevdas. His son, Baldeo Das Birla moved to Calcutta set up Baldevdas Jugalkishor in 1887, Baldeo Das was succeeded by four sons – Jugal Kishore, Rameshwar Das, Ghanshyam Das and Braj Mohan. Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title in 1917, in 1920 he retired from business and started living in Banares pursuing religious studies. In 1925 he was awarded the title of Raja by the government of Bihar and he was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University. Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of his empire by establishing GM Birla Company, trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks and it is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh. In 1919, he became among the first group of Indian entrepreneurs to become owner of a Jute mill named Birla Jute, in the next few years he acquired several cotton mills. He later started several sugar mills, the publication Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla in 1924 and fully acquired by him in 1933. Hindustan Motors was started in 1942, after Indias independence in 1947 he started Grasim and Hindalco among others. Baldeo Das, as well his sons were among the key supporters of the movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
39. Aditya Birla Minacs – The company is now part of Concentrix, a wholly owned subsidiary of SYNNEX Corporation and a leading business services company. Minacs is a business and technology outsourcing company with headquarters in Toronto, Canada, Detroit, United States, SYNNEX Corporation, a leading business process services company, acquired The Minacs Group Pte on Aug 2,2018. The company has now been integrated into its Concentrix business segment, the new combined Concentrix organization will have more than 90,000 Concentrix staff providing services in over 40 languages from 125 delivery centers across six continents. Minacs was formed in 2007 with the coming together of TransWorks, one of India’s first business process outsourcing players, with Minacs, the unified Aditya Birla Minacs entity was a result of the Aditya Birla Group acquiring a controlling stake in Minacs Worldwide Inc. Canada in 2006 through its TransWorks subsidiary, Minacs was founded in 1981 in Oshawa, Canada by Elaine Minacs. Trans Works was co-founded in 1999 in Mumbai, India by Rizwan Koita and it also expanded its services portfolio from contact center to Customer Relationship Management, and added integrated marketing services by acquiring the US-based Phoenix Group in 2001. Minacs was the first North American contact center/BPO company to achieve the ISO,9001 quality certification in 1996, the Aditya Birla Group had earlier acquired PSI in 2001. Minacs partners with global corporations in the manufacturing, retail, telecommunication, technology, media and entertainment, banking, insurance, healthcare and public sector. As on April 2017, there are 21,000 Minacs experts across 3 continents and 35 centers spanning Canada, Germany, Hungary, India, Jamaica, Philippines, the UK and United States. In 2009, Minacs opened operations centers in Vadodara, Aurangabad, Chennai, Kolkata and Ranchi in India and it announced the acquisition of London-headquartered Compass BPO in March 2018 to acquire a significant Finance and Accounting outsourcing capability. It acquired the Minnesota-based Bureau of Collection Recovery in June 2018 to add accounts receivable management, Minacs named in ISG’s Breakthrough Top 10 Players for Americas. NelsonHall NEAT Analysis, Innovators in Customer Management Services in Retail Banking, NelsonHall NEAT Analysis, Leaders in Customer Management Services in Telecoms/Cable/Satellite Sector. Won the 2018 Frost & Sullivan Customer Service Leadership Award for North American Contact Center Outsourcing in Automotive market, Everest PEAK Matrix, Major Contender in Contact Center Outsourcing in Healthcare. Everest PEAK Matrix, Major Contender in Contact Center Outsourcing in BFSI, Minacs ranked among the ISG Global Outsourcing Index top 20 outsourcing provider in BPO. Minacs was a “Major Contender” in Everest Group’s Contact Center Outsourcing PEAK Matrix™ study, the company won a Silver Stevie in the Outbound Campaign of the Year category—for its Hyundai Hope on Wheels campaign. Training Magazine listed Minacs in its Training Top 125 for 2017 list, Minacs was a finalist in the Service Excellence category at the 31st Annual Ontario Business Achievement Awards. Official website ^ ISG Top 10 Players for Americas, ^ NelsonHall NEAT Analysis for Telecom. ^ Frost & Sullivan Customer Leadership Award, ^ Everest PEAK Matrixs Contact Center Outsourcing in Healthcare.
40. Yash Birla Group – Yash Birla Group is Indian industrial conglomerate group based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Its chairman Yashovardhan Birla, is a member of the Birla family, the Group traces it origins to the businesses started by various members of the Birla family. The group today has 10 publicly listed subsidiaries in India, the group is currently facing major financial and legal bottlenecks. Zenith Birla Ltd, Zenith Birla Limited was incorporated in 1960, ZBIL, a flagship company of Yash Birla Group is a pioneer in Manufacture and Exports of Steel Pipes, Tubes and Hollow Sections from India. The Companys plants are located at Khopoli, Tarapur & Murbad, the Khopoli Plant has a complete Manufacturing and Residential complex for its employees with facilities of School, Club House, Guest House, Temple and Auditorium. Birla Pacific Medspa - Bse India - stock Trading was suspended due to non compliance from June 2018, Birla Power Birla Infrasolutions Ltd Birla Precision Technologies Limited Birla Transasia Carpets Ltd, Birla Perucchini Ltd, Birla Electricals Ltd Birla Lifestyle Ltd, Birla Concepts Pvt. Ltd Shloka Infotech Ltd, Birla Cotsyn Ltd Melstar Information Technologies The logo of group is a conch.
41. CK Birla Group – The CK Birla Group is an Indian conglomerate named after Chandra Kant Birla, headquartered in the Birla Tower in Barakhamba road, New Delhi, India. Earlier the group was led by eminent industrialists - BM Birla, as of 2017, it includes over 20,000 employees,24 manufacturing facilities and operations across five continents. The CK Birla group is a conglomerate with a total revenue of approximately US$1.6 billion in year 2017. Its current chairman CK Birla is a member of the Birla family, known for its role in the industrial development of India.
42. Birla Corporation – Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla. In the 1890s, Birla Corporation was a manufacturing company, but over time, it grew to operate four main divisions, cement, jute, vinoleum. It is not a part of the Aditya Birla Group, a conglomerate with products ranging from metals, cements, textiles, agricultural businesses, telecommunications, IT. Formerly known as Birla Jute Manufacturing Company Limited, with the expansion of divisions, Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla’s grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla used his capital from a moneylending business and started a cotton business. With a successful venture, he went back to Pilani, his birthplace, business boomed with World War I as the British Empire relied on Birla to provide for the war efforts. GD Birla inherited the business and expanded into many industries, and by 1919. He ventured into the vehicle industry, tea, textiles, cement, chemicals. While still in the years of the Birla Group, an inkling of the future of Birla Brothers Limited was depicted in GD Birla’s life. Born in 1918, Madhav Prasad of Bombay, son of GD Birla, was a part of the Birla Jute Manufacturing Company since the beginning, by the time he finished college, he was already in charge of Birla Jute which had suffered economic downturns and wars. Madhav changed the company from Birla Jute Manufacturing Company to a company with activities across a spectrum of industries. In MP Birla’s time, Birla Corporation and the businesses under Birla Group gained significant power and stance in the cement, auto trims, steel. When he died in 1990, his wife, Priyamvada Birla took over as the chairman of Birla in 1998, Priyamvada is known for her active roles in the community, healthcare, and education. In 2018, Birla Corporation merged with its company, Talavadi Cements Ltd as the firm could not meet requirements for raw materials due to a ban on the mines in Rajasthan. This caused a decrease in the Birla stock around the months of June, when Priyamvada died in 2004, she gave the Rs 5000 crore estate to her close accountant, RS Lodha, who was a co-chairman, eventually became chairman of Birla Corporation. This estate included key holdings in the East India Investments Co and Gwalior Webbing, Birla Corporation, Vidhya Telelinks, however, the Birla family challenged the Lodha family in court in 2008 about the contents of the will, and Priyamvada’s previous two wills. By then, the case changed course with the death of RS Lodha in October 2008. In her will, Priyamvada declared that after RS Lodha, his son, since the will was written in 1999 and was not officially granted “probate, ” the Lodha family currently holds the MP Birla group. In 2018, Birla Corporation faced problems with overproduction of cement during a period of decreasing demand.
43. More (store) – Aditya Birla Retail Limited is the retail arm of ] company. ABRL is the fourth largest supermarket chain in the country after Future Group, Reliance Retail and it operates two different store formats - Supermarket and Hypermarket under the brand more. It has about 494 supermarkets and 19 hypermarkets around the country, ABRL plans to open 100 supermarkets and 6-8 hypermarkets. To fund this expansion, ABRL has borrowed Rs 500 crore from Yes bank, besides this, it has decided to increase its borrowing limit to Rs 7,500 crore from Rs 5,000 crore. Aditya Birla Retail Limited provides customers products under its own labels, private label Food Brands include Feasters, Kitchens Promise, and Best of India. Home & amp; Personal care brands include Enriche, 110%, Pestex, Paradise, the company has accumulated losses of Rs 2,984 crore since it entered the segment over six years ago. Aditya Birla Group entered the industry with the acquisition of Trinethra Super Retail in 2007. Trinethra Super Retail had a footprint with over 172 stores spread across four states - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Trinethra brand was being used, while in Karnataka and Kerala, later, all the stores were rebranded as more. On July 15,2018, Kumar Mangalam Birla announced the merger of all the retail businesses, as a part of this restructuring effort, Fashion & Lifestyle business will be de-merged from the Aditya Birla Nuvo and merged with other retail businesses. It is likely that after the merger is complete, about 10% of the stock would be sold to PE players to raise Rs.3000 crore, however, the restructuring plan has yet not been finalized.
44. Ghanshyam Das Birla – Ghanshyam Das G. D. Birla was an Indian businessman and member of the Birla Family. Ghanshyam Das Birla was born on 10 April 1894 at Pilani village, in the Indian state then known as Rajputana and his grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla, had diversified from the traditional Marwari business of moneylending against pawned items. He had left Pilani for Calcutta, using his modest capital to establish a dealership in cotton, the venture was successful and he came back to Pilani to build a mansion, which still stands by the name Birla Haveli. G. D. Birlas father, Baldeodas Birla, was adopted from the Navalgarh Birla family. He was involved in the so-called Rodda-Catridge affair and went underground for three months in 1916. In 1905, Ghanshyam was married to Durga Devi, daughter of Mahadev Somani, the Somani family hailed from Chirawa, a village not far from Ghanshyams native Pilani, and belonged to the same community Maheshwari as the Birlas. Just like the Birla brothers, Mahadev Somani had moved to Calcutta in pursuit of business, indeed, in future years, it was he who would teach the nuances of the Brokerage system to the young Ghanshyam. In 1909, Durga Devi gave birth to a son who was named Lakshmi Nivas Birla and she had contracted tuberculosis by this time, and she died in 1910. In 1912, Ghanshyam was married to Maheshwari Devi, daughter of Premsukhdas Karwa, the Karwa family hailed from the village of Gedha Ramshe in Marwad. Two sons and three daughters were born to Mahadevi, however, she also contracted the same disease as Durga Devi. By this time, Ghanshyam had educated himself on the causes and he moved Mahadevi and all the children to Solan, a hill-station in the Himalayas, in the care of a dedicated personal doctor. However, the worst could be delayed but not prevented, Mahadevi died in Solan on January 6,1926, leaving six children, including three children who were less than five years old. Although he was hardly into his 30s, Ghanshyam did not marry again, mahadevis death caused the children to be separated from their father also, as he could not raise six children single-handedly. Indeed, the children were split into two groups, the four children were sent to be raised in the household of Brij Mohan Birla. Birla inherited the business and moved to further diversify them into other areas. Of these, at least three contemporary family business groups existing in India today can trace their ancestry to him, of these businesses, he wanted to turn the moneylending business into manufacturing. So he left for Calcutta in Bengal Presidency, the worlds largest jute producing region, there, he began ndependently as a jute broker. He had to scale a number of obstacles as the British and Scottish merchants tried to shut his business by unethical and monopolistic methods, when World War I resulted in supply problems throughout the British Empire, Birlas business skyrocketed. With an investment of ₹5 million in 1919, the Birla Brothers Limited was formed, a mill was set up in Gwalior in the same year.
45. Economy of India – The economy of India is the seventh-largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity. The country is classified as an industrialised country, and one of the G-20 major economies. Indias economy became the worlds fastest growing economy in the last quarter of 2017. The Indian economy has the potential to become the worlds 3rd-largest economy by the next decade, and the outlook for short-term growth is also good as according to the IMF, the Indian economy is the bright spot in the global landscape. India also topped the World Banks growth outlook for 2018-16 for the first time with the economy having grown 7. 6% in 2018-16, growth is expected to decline slightly to 7. 1% in the 2018-17 fiscal year. India has one of the fastest growing sectors in the world with annual growth rate of above 9% since 2001. India has become an exporter of IT services, BPO services. It is also the part of the economy. The IT industry continues to be the largest private employer in India. India ranks second worldwide in farm output, the Industry sector has held a constant share of its economic contribution. The Indian auto mobile industry is one of the largest in the world with a production of 21.48 million vehicles in FY 2018-14. India has $600 billion worth of retail market in 2018 and one of worlds fastest growing E-Commerce markets, India is also home to worlds third largest billionaires pool with 111 billionaires in 2018 and the fourth largest number of ultra-high-net-worth households that have more than US$100 million. The combination of protectionist, import-substitution, Fabian socialism, social democratic-inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British occupation, the economy was then characterised by extensive regulation, protectionism, public ownership of large monopolies, pervasive corruption and slow growth. Since 1991, continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market-based economy, by 2008, India had established itself as one of the worlds faster-growing economies. Growth significantly slowed to 7. 0% in 2008–09, but subsequently recovered to 7. 4% in 2009–10, Indias current account deficit surged to 4. 1% of GDP during Q2 FY11 against 3. 2% the previous quarter. The unemployment rate for 2018–13, according to Government of Indias Labour Bureau, was 4. 7% nationwide, by UPS method, Indias consumer price inflation ranged between 8.9 and 12% over the 2009-2018 period. Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD, over time, traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage. Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between 14th and 18th century, during this period, Indian traders had settled in Surakhani, a suburb of greater Baku, Azerbaijan.
46. Ashok Leyland – Ashok Leyland is an Indian automobile manufacturing headquartered in Chennai, India. Founded in 1948, it is the 2nd largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world, operating six plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications. It sells about 60,000 vehicles and about 7,000 engines annually and it is the second largest commercial vehicle company in India in the medium and heavy commercial vehicle segment with a market share of 28%. With passenger transportation options ranging from 19 seaters to 80 seaters, the company claims to carry more than 60 million passengers a day, more people than the entire Indian rail network. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 ton to 25 ton range of trucks, however Ashok Leyland has presence in the entire truck range starting from 7.5 tons to 49 tons. With a joint venture with Nissan Motors of Japan the company made its presence in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment, Ashok Leylands UK subsidiary Optare has shut down its bus factory in Blackburn, Lancashire. This subsidiarys traditional home in Leeds has also been vacated in favour of a purpose built plant at Sherburn-in-Elmet, Ashok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan Saran, an Indian freedom fighter from Punjab. After Independence, he was persuaded by India’s first Prime Minister Nehru, Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England, and the company was named after the founders only son Ashok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Rajaji Saalai, Chennai with the plant in Ennore, the Company was engaged in assembly and distribution of Austin A40 passenger cars in India. Ashok Leyland then started manufacturing commercial vehicles, under Leylands management with British expatriate and Indian executives the company grew in strength to become one of Indias foremost commercial vehicle manufacturers. Ashok Leyland’s long-term plan to become a player by benchmarking global standards of technology. Access to international technology and a US$200 million investment programme created a manufacturing base to roll out international class products. In 2007, the Hinduja Group also bought out IVECOs indirect stake in Ashok Leyland, the promoter shareholding now stands at 51%. Today the company is the flagship of the Hinduja Group, a British-based, early products included the Leyland Comet bus which was a passenger body built on a truck chassis sold in large numbers to many operators in India. By 1963, the Comet was operated by every State Transport Undertaking in India and it was soon joined in production by a version of the Leyland Tiger. In 1968, production of the Leyland Titan ceased in Britain, the Titan PD3 chassis was modified, and a five speed heavy duty constant-mesh gearbox was used together with the Ashok Leyland version of the O.680 engine. The Ashok Leyland Titan was very successful and continued in production for many years, during early 80s Ashok Leyland entered into a collaboration with Japanese company Hino Motors from whom technology for the H-series engines was sourced. Many indigenous versions of H-series engine were developed with 4 and 6 cylinders and also conforming to BS2 and these engines proved to be extremely popular with the customers primarily for their excellent fuel efficiency.
47. Bajaj Auto – Bajaj Auto Limited is an Indian two-wheeler and three-wheeler manufacturing company. Bajaj Auto manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters and auto rickshaws, Bajaj Auto is a part of the Bajaj Group. It was founded by Jamnalal Bajaj in Rajasthan in the 1940s and it is based in Pune, Mumbai, with plants in Chakan, Waluj and Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. The oldest plant at Akurdi now houses the R&D centre Ahead, Bajaj Auto is the worlds sixth-largest manufacturer of motorcycles and the second-largest in India. It is the worlds largest three-wheeler manufacturer, on May 2018, its market capitalisation was ₹640 billion, making it Indias 23rd largest publicly traded company by market value. The Forbes Global 2000 list for the year 2018 ranked Bajaj Auto at 1,416, Bajaj Auto came into existence on 29 November 1944 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation Private Limited. It started off by selling imported two - and three-wheelers in India, in 1959, it obtained a licence from the Government of India to manufacture two-wheelers and three-wheelers and it became a public limited company in 1960. In 1970, it rolled out its 100, 000th vehicle, in 1977, it sold 100,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1985, it started producing at Waluj near Aurangabad, in 1986, it sold 500,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1995, it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced, with the launch of motorcycles in 1986, the company has changed its image from a scooter manufacturer to a two-wheeler manufacturer. Bajaj manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters, auto-rickshaws and most recently, Bajaj Auto is Indias largest exporter of motorcycles and three-wheelers. Bajaj Autos exports accounted for approx, 47% of its exports are made to Africa. Boxer motorcycle is the largest selling brand in Africa. In FY 2018-13, it sold approximately 3.76 million motorcycles which accounted for 31% of the share in India. Of these, approximately 2.46 million motorcycles were sold in India, RE Compact RE Compact 4S RE Optima RE Maxima It is the worlds largest manufacturer of 3-wheelers and accounts for almost 84% of Indias three-wheeler exports. During the FY 2018-13, it sold approx,480,000 three-wheelers which was 57% of the total market share in India. Out of these 480,000 three-wheelers, 53% were exported, on 3 January 2018, Bajaj auto unveiled the Bajaj RE60, a mini car for intra-city urban transportation. The target customer group will be Bajajs three-wheeler customers, germanys Daimler-Benz, a long-time collaborator with Firodia because of their ownership of the original Tempo works in Germany, owned 16% of Bajaj Tempo.
48. Eicher Motors – Eicher Motors Limited incorporated in 1982, is an Indian automaker company based in Gurgaon, India. Eicher Motors Limited owns Royal Enfield, Eicher Motors is a commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The companys origins date back to 1948, when Goodearth Company was established for the distribution, in 1959 the Eicher Tractor Corporation of India Private Ltd was established, jointly with the Eicher tractor company, a German tractor manufacturer. Since 1965 Eicher in India has been owned by Indian shareholders. The German Eicher tractor was partly owned by Massey-Ferguson from 1970, Massey-Ferguson bought out the German company in 1973. In 2005 Eicher Motors Ltd sold their tractors and engines business to TAFE Tractors of Chennai, lCVs were sold under the Eicher Mitsubishi brand. In February 1990, Eicher Goodearth bought 26% stake in Enfield India Ltd, in July 2008, EML and Volvo Groups 50,50 joint venture VE Commercial Vehicles designs, manufactures and markets commercial vehicles, engineering components and provides engineering design. The Eicher Group has diversified interests in design and development, manufacturing, and local and international marketing of trucks, buses, motorcycles, automotive gears. Eicher has invested in the growth areas of management consultancy services, customised engineering. VE Commercial Vehicles Limited is a 50,50 joint venture between the Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited, Eicher Trucks Eicher Polaris Multix Royal Enfield Resolved tyre wear issue Eicher Group Official website.
49. Hero MotoCorp – Hero Motocorp Ltd. formerly Hero Honda, is an Indian motorcycle and scooter manufacturer based in New Delhi, India. The company is the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India where it has a share of about 46% in the two-wheeler category. The 2006 Forbes list of the 200 Worlds Most Respected Companies has Hero Honda Motors ranked at #108, on 31 March 2018, the market capitalisation of the company was ₹308 billion. Hero Honda started its operations in 1984 as a joint venture between Hero Cycles of India and Honda of Japan, in 2018, when Honda decided to move out of the joint venture, Hero Group bought the shares held by Honda. Subsequently, in August 2018 the company was renamed Hero MotoCorp with a new corporate identity, in June 2018, Hero MotoCorp approved a proposal to merge the investment arm of its parent Hero Investment Pvt. Ltd. with the automaker. This decision came 18 months after its split from Hero Honda, Hero is the brand name used by the Munjal brothers for their flagship company, Hero Cycles Ltd. A joint venture between the Hero Group and Honda Motor Company was established in 1984 as the Hero Honda Motors Limited at Dharuhera, Munjal family and Honda group both owned 26% stake in the Company. During the 1980s, the company introduced motorcycles that were popular in India for their fuel economy, a popular advertising campaign based on the slogan Fill it – Shut it – Forget it that emphasised the motorcycles fuel efficiency helped the company grow at a double-digit pace since inception. In 2001, the became the largest two-wheeler manufacturing company in India. It maintains global industry leadership to date, the technology in the bikes of Hero Motocorp for almost 26 years has come from the Japanese counterpart Honda. By December 2018, the board of directors of the Hero Honda Group had decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner, the Hero Group would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not export to international markets, since the beginning, the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for the technology in their bikes. Now there are concerns that the Hero Group might not be able to sustain the performance of the joint venture by itself. The Japanese auto maker will exit the joint venture through a series of transactions by giving the Munjal family—which held a 26% stake in the company—an additional 26%. Honda, which also has an independent fully owned two-wheeler subsidiary—Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India — will exit Hero Honda at a discount and get over $1 billion for its stake. The discount will be between 30% and 50% to the current value of Hondas stake as per the price of the stock after the market closed on December 16,2018, the rising differences between the two partners gradually emerged as an irritant. Another major irritant for Honda was the refusal of Hero Honda to merge the companys spare parts business with Hondas new fully owned subsidiary Honda Motorcycle, as per the arrangement, it will be a two-leg deal. This SPV would eventually be open for private equity participation, and those in the fray include Warburg Pincus, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, TPG, Bain Capital.
50. Hindustan Motors – Hindustan Motors is an Indian automotive manufacturer based in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is a part of the Birla Technical Services industrial group, the company was the largest car manufacturer in India before the rise of Maruti Udyog. Hindustan Motors was the producer of the Ambassador motorcar, which was once a car in India. Production of the Ambassador ceased on 24 May 2017, one of the original three car manufacturers in India, founded in 1942 by Mr. B. M. Birla, it was a leader in car sales until the 1980s, all through its history, the company has depended on government patronage for its sales and for survival by eliminating competition. Manoj Jha was the Managing Director who stepped down from the post on 21 February 2018, on 11 February 2017, Hindustan Motors executed an agreement with Peugeot SA for the sale of the Ambassador brand, including the trademarks, for a consideration of Rs 80 crore. The tie-up entails two joint venture agreements between the companies of the two groups, Hindustan Motors Limited, was once Indias pioneering automobile manufacturing company. The HM-Mitsubishi Motors Plant is in Tiruvallur near Chennai in Tamil Nadu, post-Independence in 1948, production of the cars were shifted to new green field plant spread obver a large area in Uttarpara, West Bengal. The first car to roll out from Uttarpara plant was Hindustan 10, in 1954 Hindustan launched the Morris Oxford series II derived Hindustan Landmaster and in 1957 the Hindustan Ambassador was launched which was based on the Morris Oxford series III. Hindustan and General Motors have had several tie-ups in the post independence era to produce Bedford Trucks, Vauxhall Motors, Allison Transmissions, in 1994, GM and Hindustan formed a 50-50 joint venture, General Motors India to make Opel Astra cars in the new mid-segment category. The production of Astra was phased out and later replaced by the then successful Opel Corsa family of vehicles, in early 1999 General Motors India bought out the Halol, Gujarat, plant from Hindustan Motors thus ending a long partnership. On 21 February 2018, Mr. Manoj Jha, the Managing Director stepped down from his post, the decision was unanimously accepted by the board of directors. It was sold to Caterpillar in 2000 and HM quit the earthmover business, HML continue to be a joint venture partner with Caterpillar in Hindustan Power Plus, which manufactures diesel engines and generator sets. The company began in 1959 as Tractors and Bulldozers Private Ltd, manufacturing of tractors began in 1963, in collaboration Motokov-Praha of Czechoslovakia, and was known as Hindustan Tractors & Bulldozers Ltd. In 1967, it became Hindustan Tractors Ltd, the tractors were based on the Zetor tractor design and sold under the Hindustan brand. In 1978, the Gujarat, Indian government formed Gujarat Tractors from the ailing company, in 1999, Mahindra Tractors purchased 60% of the company, and in 2001, completed purchasing the rest of the company, renaming it Mahindra Gujarat Tractors Ltd. In 1982 Hindustan formed a collaboration with Isuzu to assemble and sell the Isuzu F series - JCS trucks in India and these trucks came from the factory with a fully built modern metal cabin which was not common with Tata and Ashok Leyland trucks at the time. They were well known for their reliability and fuel consumption, but were discontinued due to falling sales poor service facilities.
51. Mahindra & Mahindra – Mahindra and Mahindra Limited is an Indian multinational automobile manufacturing corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is one of the largest vehicle manufacturers by production in India and it is a part of Mahindra Group, an Indian conglomerate. It was ranked 21st on a list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2018 and its major competitors in the Indian market include Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland and others. Mahindra & Mahindra was set up as a trading company in 1945 in Ludhiana as Mahindra & Mohammed by brothers K. C. Mahindra and J. C. Mahindra. After India gained independence and Pakistan was formed, Mohammed emigrated to Pakistan where he became that countrys first finance minister, the company changed its name to Mahindra & Mahindra in 1948. It eventually saw an opportunity in expanding into manufacturing and selling larger MUVs. Soon established as the Jeep manufacturers of India, the company later commenced manufacturing light commercial vehicles, over the past few years, the company has taken interest in new industries and in foreign markets. They entered the industry by taking over Kinetic Motors in India. M&M also has a stake in the REVA Electric Car Company. In 2018–11 M&M entered in micro drip irrigation with the takeover of EPC Industries Ltd in Nashik, Mahindra & Mahindra, branded on its products usually as Mahindra, produces SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, commercial vehicles, and two wheeled motorcycles and tractors. It owns assembly plants in India, Mainland China, the United Kingdom, Mahindra maintains business relations with foreign companies like Renault SA, France. M&M has a presence and its products are exported to several countries. Its global subsidiaries include Mahindra Europe S. r. eu. based in Italy, Mahindra South Africa and Mahindra Tractor Co. Ltd. Mahindra started making passenger vehicles firstly with the Logan in April 2007 under the Mahindra Renault joint venture, M&M made its maiden entry into the heavy trucks segment with the Mahindra Truck and Bus Division, the joint venture with International Truck, USA. Mahindra produces a range of vehicles including MUVs, LCVs. It manufactures over 20 models of cars including larger, multi-utility vehicles like the Scorpio and it formerly had a joint venture with Ford called Ford India Private Limited to build passenger cars. True to their word, Mahindra & Mahindra launched the Mahindra Xylo in January 2009, also in early 2008, Mahindra commenced its first overseas CKD operations with the launch of the Mahindra Scorpio in Egypt, in partnership with the Bavarian Auto Group. This was soon followed by facilities in Brazil.
52. Tata Motors – Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, India, and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and it has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover, founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008. Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India, the company is ranked 226th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2018. On 17 January 2017, Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed chairman of the company, Tata entered the commercial vehicle sector in 1954 after forming a joint venture with Daimler-Benz of Germany. After years of dominating the commercial market in India, Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 by launching the Tata Sierra. Tata subsequently launched the Tata Estate, the Tata Sumo and the Tata Safari, Tata launched the Indica in 1998, the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car. A newer version of the car, named Indica V2, was an improvement over the previous version. Tata Motors also successfully exported large numbers of the car to South Africa, the success of the Indica played a key role in the growth of Tata Motors. In 2004, Tata Motors acquired Daewoos South Korea-based truck manufacturing unit, Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, on 27 September 2004, Tata Motors rang the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange to mark the listing of Tata Motors. In 2005, Tata Motors acquired a 21% controlling stake in the Spanish bus, Tata Motors continued its market area expansion through the introduction of new products such as buses and trucks. In 2006, Tata formed a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo, Tata Marcopolo Bus, in 2008, Tata Motors acquired the English car maker Jaguar Land Rover, manufacturer of the Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. Tata acquired full ownership of Hispano Carrocera in 2009, in 2009, its Lucknow plant was awarded the Best of All Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award. In 2018, Tata Motors acquired an 80% stake in the Italian design, the acquisition formed part of the companys plan to enhance its styling and design capabilities. In 2018, Tata Motors announced it would invest around ₹6 billion in the development of Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicles in collaboration with DRDO. In 2018, Tata Motors announced it will sell in India, in 2017, Tata Motors introduced first Truck Racing championship in India T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship.
53. TVS Motor Company – TVS Motor Company is the third largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India, with a revenue of Rs.11,516 Cr in 2018-16. It is the company of the Rs.40,000 Cr TVS Group. The company has a sales of 2.5 million units. TVS Motor Company is also the 2nd largest exporter in India with exports to over 60 Countries. TVS Motor Company Ltd, member of the TVS Group, is the largest company of the group in terms of size and turnover, TVS was established by Mr TV Sundaram Iyengar. When he died in 1955, his sons took the company ahead with several forays in the sector, including finance, insurance, manufacture of two-wheelers, tyres. The group has managed to run 97 companies that account for a turnover of nearly $6 billion. Early years 100 Sundaram Clayton was founded in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings and it manufactured brakes, exhausts, compressors and various other automotive parts. The company set up a plant at Hosur in 1978, to manufacture mopeds as part of their new division, in 1980, TVS50, Indias first two-seater moped rolled out of the factory at Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. A technical collaboration with the Japanese auto giant Suzuki Ltd. resulted in the joint-venture between Sundaram Clayton Ltd and Suzuki Motor Corporation, in 1982, commercial production of motorcycles began in 1984. Suzuki relationship TVS and Suzuki shared a 19-year-long relationship that was aimed at technology transfer, to enable design, re-christened TVS-Suzuki, the company brought out several models such as the Suzuki Supra, Suzuki Samurai, Suzuki Shogun and Suzuki Shaolin. In 2001, after separating ways with Suzuki, the company was renamed TVS Motor, there was also a 30-month moratorium period during which Suzuki promised not to enter the Indian market with competing two-wheelers. Recent Recent Launches include RTR200, TVS Victor and TVS XL100, TVS Racing also won the Raid de Himalaya and the FOX Hill Super Cross held at Sri Lanka. In three decades of its history, the team has won more than 90% of the races. In 2018 TVS started manufacturing the BMW G310R, a model co-developed with BMW Motorrad, TVS Motor was the first Indian company to deploy a catalytic converter in a 100 cc motorcycle and the first to indigenously produce a four stroke 150cc motorcycle. The company has four state of the art manufacturing plants - three located in India and one in Indonesia, distribution Today, TVS Motor functions through a nationwide network of more than 4000 touch points across all the states in India. TVS Motor won prestigious the Deming Application Prize in 2002, in 2004, TVS Scooty Pep won the Outstanding Design Excellence Award from BusinessWorld magazine and the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. The effective implementation of Total Productivity Maintenance practices won TVS Motor the TPM Excellence Award given by the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance in 2008, business Today magazine awarded TVS Motor the Best Managed Company and the Most Investor Friendly Company awards.
54. Bharat Electronics – Bharat Electronics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company with about nine factories, and few regional offices in India. It is owned by the Indian Government and primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for the Indian Armed Forces, BEL is one of nine PSUs under the Ministry of Defence of India. It has been accorded Navratna status by the Government of India, on 1 April 2018, BELs order book was estimated to be around ₹300 billions. With help of ToT. is a company of BEL and is a public sector undertaking of the Government of India. The company is headquartered in Pune and earned aggregated revenue of ₹516 million during the fiscal year 2007, BEL Thales Limited BEL Thales Limited was set up in 2018. GE-BE Pvt Limited GE-BE Pvt Limited was set up in 1997 as a joint venture between Bharat Electronics Limited and General Electric Medical System. The facility based at Whitefield, Bangalore, manufactures X-ray tubes for RAD & F and CT systems, as well as such as high voltage tanks. GE-BEL also markets the conventional X-ray tubes made at the Pune unit of BEL, the turnover of GE-BEL during 2004–2005 was over ₹4.50 billion including an export of over ₹4.30 billion. The company has been recognised for its export performance since 1998 by the Export Promotion Councils. BEL – Multitone Ltd BEL and Multitone, UK, offer mobile communication products for the workplace, Multitone invented paging in 1956 when it developed the worlds first system to serve the life or death environment of St Thomas Hospital, London. Brief details of the products are, Access 700 one-way speech paging system which supports 100 pagers, Access 1000/3000 radio paging system which supports 1500/5000 users. Starting with the manufacture of a few communication equipment in 1956, BEL started producing receiving valves in 1961, germanium semiconductors in 1962, in 1966, BEL set up a radar manufacturing facility for the army and in-house R&D. In 1967, BEL began manufacturing transmitting tubes, silicon devices, the PCB manufacturing facility was established in 1968. In 1970, BEL started making black & white TV picture tubes, X-ray tubes, in 1971, BEL set up facilities for the manufacture of integrated circuits and hybrid micro circuits. 1972, BEL established manufacturing facilities for TV transmitters for Doordarshan, in 1973, BEL began manufacturing frigate radars for the navy. Under the governments policy of decentralisation and due to strategic reasons, the second unit of BEL was set up at Ghaziabad in 1974 to manufacture radars and Tropo communication equipment for the Indian Air Force. The third unit was established at Pune in 1979 to manufacture image converter, in 1980, the first overseas office of BEL was set up in New York for the procurement of components and materials. In 1981, a facility for magnesium manganese dioxide batteries was set up at Pune.
55. DRDO – The Defence Research and Development Organisation is an agency of the Republic of India, charged with the militarys research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and it is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research & Development Service and about 25,000 other scientific, technical, Defence Research and Development Organisation was established in 1958 by amalgamating the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO, most of the time the Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. If they could get a MiG-21 from the market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO. DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles known as Project Indigo in 1960s, Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM, Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme in the 1980s. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the minister as its chairman. The programmes which were managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft, the LCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the Vetrivel programme, Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDOs radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s, the DRDO is part of the Indian Air Forces upgrade programmes for its MiG-27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the design and integration of these upgrades. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation, HAL AMCA, Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the design and development of the fifth generation aircraft. In 2018,700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO, avatar Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36, over a hundred LRU s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and these include both mandatory as well as other items. The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles - the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya Pilotless Target Aircraft, the Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements.
56. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited – Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence, the government-owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace industry. These include manufacturing and assembly of aircraft, navigation and related communication equipment, HAL built the first military aircraft in South Asia. It is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and it has several facilities spread across India. The locations where the plants are operated by HAL include Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore. The German engineer Kurt Tank designed the HF-24 Marut fighter-bomber, the first fighter aircraft made in India, HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore in 1940 on 23 Dec 1940. Hindustan Aircraft Company was duly incorporated under the Mysore Companies Act as a private Ltd Company, then he wrote to the Rulers of Baroda, Gwalior and Bhavanagar without success. Only Maharaja of Mysore responded favourably by agreeing to invest 25 lakhs, pawley managed to obtain a large number of machine-tools and equipment from the United States. The Indian Government bought a stake in the company and by April 1941 by investing 25 lakhs as it believed this to be a strategic imperative. The decision by the government was primarily motivated to boost British military hardware supplies in Asia to counter the threat posed by Imperial Japan during Second World War. The Kingdom of Mysore supplied two directors, Air Marshal John Higgins was resident director, the Mysore Kingdom refused to sell its stake in the company but yielded the management control over to the Indian Government. In 1943 the Bangalore factory was handed over to the United States Army Air Forces, the factory expanded rapidly and became the centre for major overhaul and repair of American aircraft and was known as the 84th Air Depot. The first aircraft to be overhauled was a Consolidated PBY Catalina followed by type of aircraft operated in India. When returned to Indian control two years later the factory had become one of the largest overhaul and repair organisations in the East, in the post war reorganisation the company built railway carriages as an interim activity. After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over to the Government of India. Though HAL was not used actively for developing models of fighter jets, except for the HF-24 Marut. In 1957 company started manufacturing Bristol Siddeley Orpheus jet engines under licence at new factory located in Bangalore, during the 1980s, HALs operations saw a rapid increase which resulted in the development of new indigenous aircraft such as the HAL Tejas and HAL Dhruv. HAL also developed a version of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, known as MiG-21 Bison.
57. Ordnance Factories Board – Ordnance Factories Board consisting of the Indian Ordnance Factories, is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production of Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a product range in the areas of air, land. OFB comprises forty-one Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are all across the country. OFB is the worlds largest government-operated production organisation, and the oldest organisation run by the Government of India and it has a total workforce of about 164,000. It is often called the Fourth Arm of Defence, and the Force Behind the Armed Forces of India and it is amongst the top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world. Its total sales were at $3 billion in 2018-16, every year,18 March is celebrated as the Ordnance Factories Day in India. Beginning The history and development of the Indian Ordnance Factories is directly linked with the British reign in India, the East India Company considered military hardware to be a vital element for securing their economic interest in India and increasing their political power. In 1775, the British East India company accepted the establishment of the Board of Ordnance at Fort William and this marks the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787, a factory was established at Ichapore, it began production in 1791. In 1801, Gun Carriage Agency was established at Cossipore, Calcutta and this is the oldest ordnance factory in India still in existence. Growth The growth of the Ordnance Factories Board leading to its present setup has been continuous, main Events 1801 – Establishment of Gun Carriage Agency at Cossipore, Kolkata. 1802 – Production begins at Cossipore on 18 March,1906 – The Administration of Indian Ordnance Factories comes under a separate charge as IG of Ordnance Factories. 1933 – Charged to Director of Ordnance Factories,1948 – Placed under direct control of Ministry of Defence. 1962 – Department of Defence Production was set up at Ministry of Defence,1979 – Ordnance Factories Board is established on 2 April. Ordnance Factories are divided into 5 operating divisions, depending upon the type of the main products/technologies employed, the four remaining Members are responsible for staff functions, viz Personnel, Finance, Planning & Material Management, Technical Services and they operate from Kolkata. Each Ordnance Factory is headed by a General Manager who is in the rank of Additional Secretary to Government of India, NADP provides training to Group A officers, whilst the other eight institutes impart training to Group B and Group C employees of the ordnance factories. Regional Marketing Centre, Avadi, Chennai Regional Marketing Centre, Delhi Regional Marketing Centre, the Indian Ordnance Factories Service is a civil service of the Government of India. IOFS officers are Gazetted defence-civilian officers under the Ministry of Defence, IOFS is a multi-disciplinary composite cadre consisting of technical – engineers, technologists and non-technical/administrative.
58. Adani Group – Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Its diversified businesses include resources, logistics, agribusiness and energy sectors, the Group is the largest port developer and operator in India with Mundra Port being a commercial port. It owns Fortune, India’s largest edible oil brand through a joint venture with Wilmar International in Singapore, the Flagship Company of the Adani group is Adani Enterprises Limited. In April 2017, it added the 4th unit of 660 MW at its Tiroda Power plant, in 2018, Adani was ranked Indias most trusted infrastructure brand by The Brand Trust Report 2018. The company was founded in 1988 as a commodity trading business, first generation entrepreneur Gautam Adani is the founder & chairman of Adani Group. The Adani Group commenced as a commodity trading firm in 1988, grew quickly, in the 1990s, it developed its own port in Mundra to provide a base for its trading operations. In 1995, Adani started construction at Mundra, in 1998, it became the top net foreign exchange earner for India. Soon in 1999, the company commenced trading, followed by a joint venture in edible oil refining in 2000 by forming Adani Willmar. The group’s second phase started with the creation of infrastructure assets. The company established a portfolio of ports, powerplants, mines, ships and railway lines within, in 2002, Adani handled 4 million MT of cargo at Mundra, becoming the largest private port in India. Later in 2006, the became the largest coal importer in India with 11 million MT of coal handling. The company expanded its business in 2008 as they bought Bunyu Mine in Indonesia having 180 million MT of coal reserves, in the subsequent year, the firm started 330 MW thermal power generation, followed by 2.2 million MT per annum edible oil refining capacity in India. Adani Enterprises is the largest trading house of India in importing coal with a market share 60% and it also supplies coal to NTPC Limited, India. Adani group became Indias largest private mining company after Adani Enterprises won the Orissa mine rights. In 2018, Port of Dahej Port of Dahej became operational, the company also bought Galilee Basin mine in Australia with 10.4 billion MT of coal reserves. It also commissioned 60 million MT of handling capacity coal import terminal in Mundra, further in the same year, the Adani group also bought Abbot Point port in Australia with 50 million MT of handling capacity. It also commissioned India’s largest solar plant of 40 MW. As the firm achieved 3960 MW capacity, it became the largest private thermal power producer in India.
59. Bharti Enterprises – Bharti Enterprises is an Indian business conglomerate headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was founded in 1976 by Sunil Bharti Mittal and it operates in 18 countries across Asia, Bharti Enterprises owns businesses spanning across telecommunications, agri business, financial services and manufacturing. The company was founded by Sunil Bharti Mittal with his two siblings in 1976, the company started with manufacturing bicycles before diversifying into other sectors. It entered into telecommunications industry in 1995, Bharti is present in many sectors with the largest revenue contribution coming from telecom industry. Bharti Airtel Ltd is the third largest mobile operator in the world, in subscriber base, the company is India’s largest integrated telecom company in customer base and offers mobile, fixed line, broadband, m commerce, DTH and enterprise service. In India, Bharti Infratel owns over 38,500 towers across 11 circles and it plans to spend ₹1,086 crore to set up 4,813 new towers. Bharti Infratel also has a 42% stake in Indus towers, beetel Teletech is India’s leading telecom and allied products company. It is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of land-line telephones, fieldFresh Foods is a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and DMPL India Ltd. The company offers fresh fruits and vegetables and processed foods and beverages in the domestic, Bharti AXA is a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and AXA, world leader in financial protection and wealth management. They offer a range of insurance and wealth management products. Centum Learning, an owned subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises, is a learning. Its learning centres are active across 169 cities in 20 countries including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bharti Foundation was set up in 2000. It aims to create and support programs that bring about sustainable changes through education, Bharti Realty is the in-house real estate arm for Bharti Group and facilitates by extending support to the Group Companies for identifying, developing and maintaining real estate. Bharti Enterprises tied-up with Walmart for opening a chain of stores all over India. The companies, in August 2007, made a statement that they have signed a wholesale cash-and-carry deal. The first Best Price Modern Wholesale opened in Amritsar in May 2018 and this partnership has now ended Official website.
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Como fazer o Optio binário.
O processo de uso da alavancagem é o que torna a negociação Forex arriscada, pois a negociação na margem envolve tanto riscos maciços quanto desvantagens perigosas.
Agora, um dia, Forex, CFD e Opções Binárias tornou-se uma das maiores plataformas para investir dinheiro em ações, commodities, ações e moedas.
Estes são realmente os melhores corretores de opções binárias.
O comércio de renda é uma especulação.
Bom dia, eu tenho algumas perguntas antes de comprar essa estratégia. Não quero algo que eu já tenha, preciso de ajuda.
A negociação de opções binárias é adequada para todos os investidores que desejam desfrutar de um ambiente comercial rápido e emocionante.
Esse tipo de atividade será entendido intuitivamente mesmo para um iniciante.
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Opções binárias Trad.
Qual opção binária é melhor para mim.
Como funciona.
O conhecimento comercial é melhor usado de forma organizada e especificamente direcionada e em 7 opções de binário.
Isso é chamado de premium da opção.
Infelizmente, muitos comerciantes não negociam com sucesso em forex.
você ganhará lucro.
Indicadores de opções - Os gregos.
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Como o binário Opt.
Colocando-os atrás das grades.
Ao contrário, a negociação forex que possui apenas um tipo de ativos para negociação, as opções binárias evoluíram para fornecer operações de commodities, ações, índices e pares de moedas.
Opção Plataforma de negociação do robô O melhor robô sem golpes.
Então, qual é melhor o custo único mais alto ou a taxa mensal mais baixa.
Esse cenário é inviável com negociação de opções binárias.
15 do preço de exercício, mais o prémio.
As opções binárias têm uma estrutura de pagamento única, e isso permite que os comerciantes obtenham uma relação de risco para recompensar muito mais favorável e colocada automaticamente quando as posições são abertas.
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Opção binária comercial.
Esses sinais lhe darão idéias sobre quais ativos você deve investir em seguida.
Como evitar fraudes.
Melhores sites de negociação.
Preço de fechamento subjacente.
As opções binárias tipicamente são categorizadas como opções de comércio exóticas um tanto complexas, mas, na realidade, elas são extremamente simples de utilizar e entender a maneira como elas funcionam.
Opções binárias que fazem as novidades.
2017 TD Ameritrade.
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Demonstração de Opções Binárias.
Isso faz com que o Binary Option Robot seja uma boa escolha, particularmente para os novos comerciantes, pois você não tem taxas a pagar e você precisará nomear um corretor de qualquer maneira.
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As três bolsas permitidas para fornecer esses tipos de serviços de investimento incluem o Cantor Exchange LP, o Chicago Mercantile Exchange CME e a North American Derivatives Exchange NADEX.
Um ativo não pode ter valor intrínseco negativo.
Os lançamentos de ForexTV lançarão luz sobre as variáveis que afetam as taxas de câmbio e os eventos que implicam reversões de tendência no Forex.
Iniciante Estratégia de chamadas cobertas.
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Youtube Binary Opti.
How to Trade Step by Step Guide.
Signals are extremely useful in situations where you cannot be advised of ongoing developments on the market and need information to make decisions on trading.
Módulos de aprendizagem de cursos de opções gratuitas.
So, I will show you how binary options compares to FOREX in all Continue reading.
Por conseguinte, é aconselhável reenviar esta declaração regularmente.
Traders can select various technical indicators and trade right off these charts.
Unless a foreign broker is properly registered with a U.
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How Do Binary Optio.
Keep in mind that most options traders have many years of experience, so don t expect to be an expert immediately after reading this tutorial.
Em cada nível de associação, você encontra vários serviços, como notícias de mercado e ferramentas para análise financeira.
START TRADING NOW WITH AS LITTLE AS 100.
In the whole process the fellow collegue had made a sweet fortune.
I want to point out that I ve placed all these trades in an option paper trading account at thinkorswim.
Os comerciantes de opções, como os jogadores, podem ter sucesso se eles sabem quando dobrar.
along with our daily trading plans.
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Binary Options Trad.
Copie sinais de negociação rentáveis da rede social mais importante para os comerciantes.
Well, because sometimes on expiry time, you win both trades.
What s your favorite binary options or forex broker offering a free demo.
Closing the Gap - Futures Edition.
Use seu discernimento.
Customers appreciate this no b.
And just when you think the trades made in the direction of market movements are turning out to be losing trades, you can simply select the reverse trading mode and the software will start placing trades in the opposite direction of the signals.
Aditya Birla Group.
The Aditya Birla Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Worli, Mumbai, India. [4] [5] It operates in 40 countries with more than 120,000 employees worldwide, [6] the group was founded by Seth Shiv Narayan Birla in 1857. The group interests in sectors such as viscose staple fibre, metals, cement (largest in India), viscose filament yarn, branded apparel, carbonblack, chemicals, fertilisers, insulators, financial services, telecom, BPO and IT services.
The group had a revenue of approximately US$41 billion in year 2018, [2] [7] it is the third-largest Indian private sector conglomerate behind Tata Group with revenue of just over US$100 billion and RIL with revenue of US$74 billion.
Non-ferrous metals [ edit ]
The Group's non-ferrous metals are under Hindalco Industries, [8] its manufacturing locations are primarily in India and it owns mines in Great Sandy Desert, Australia near Nifty Airport called Birla Nifty Copper Operation. On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, [9] making the combined entity the world's largest rolled-aluminium producer. On 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. The Group plans to close a part of its aluminium foil making mill in UK and shift that to its plant near Nagpur. [10] [11]
Hindalco makes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium, rolled products, alloy wheels, roofing sheets, wire rods, cast copper rods, copper cathodes and several other products. [12]
Cement [ edit ]
The Group's cement business was earlier under Grasim Industries and UltraTech Cement, the two entities have now been merged into UltraTech Cement to form India's largest cement company. UltraTech Cement was acquired from L&T in 2004.
Carbon black [ edit ]
After purchasing Columbian Chemicals Co (Press Release), the Group is now the largest manufacturer of Carbon black worldwide. [13]
Textile business [ edit ]
The Aditya Birla Group is the world's largest producer of Viscose staple fibre, [14] it operates from India, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and China. It owns the Birla Cellulose brand. Apart from viscose staple fibre, the group also owns acrylic fibre businesses in Egypt and Thailand, viscose filament yarn businesses and spinning mills in India and South East Asia, the group has pulp and plantation interests in Canada and Laos. It also owns the Domsjö factory in Sweden which exports viscose today, the Swedish government is hoping to negotiate further investments in Sweden, in particular in the hyper-modern future biorefinery in the city of Örnskökdsvik. [15] Its two companies i. e. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd and Grasim Bhiwani Textiles Ltd which is a subsidiary of Grasim Industries are in textile business.
Fashion [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Group sells in-house and other branded apparel via brick-and-mortar and online stores, the group's firm Aditya Birla Fashion & Retail Ltd sells in-house brands such as Louis Philippe, Van Heusen, Allen Solly, Peter England and People via their individual brand stores and through other multi brand outlets. It also operates a multi brand fashion retail chain Pantaloons. [16]
The group ventured into niche target and select portfolio apparel in October 2018 with Abof. [17]
Planet fashion [ edit ]
'Planet Fashion' is a men’s clothing brand. Commencing in 2001, Planet Fashion now has more than one hundred fifty retailers in 100 villages throughout India. Planate Fashion, [18] right now, is an acronym being a menswear getaway giving comprehensive closet alternatives for all those occasions, around price things, while using greatest brands throughout each category. [19]
The Aditya Birla Group’s retail store enterprise – Madura Fashion & Lifestyle – is one of the strongest developing brand clothes corporations throughout The Indian subcontinent. Global marketing involves models like Van Heusen, Allen Solly, Philip Britain and Louis Philippe. Madura Fashion & Lifestyle has 1607 shops, covering 2.2 sq. ft. connected with retail store room. It has 1,500 premium multi-brand shops along with 320+ departmental shops worldwide, the company outsources engineering, textiles and apparel.
Telecom Services [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Group is the majority shareholder of Idea Cellular. [20] Idea Cellular was started as a joint venture with the AT&T and the Tata Group. After an IPO on the Indian stock markets, Idea Cellular now accounts for a third of the group's market capitalisation, the company is headquartered in Mumbai.
Financial Services [ edit ]
Aditya Birla Financial Services Group (ABFSG)
Aditya Birla Financial Services Group (ABFSG) is the umbrella brand for all the financial services business of The Aditya Birla Group. ABFSG ranks among the top 5 fund managers in India (including LIC) with an AUM of US$ 23 billion. Having a strong presence across the life insurance, asset management, lending (excluding Housing), housing finance, equity & commodity broking, wealth management and distribution, online money management portal—Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse, general insurance advisory and private equity and health insurance businesses. ABFSG is committed to serve the end-to-end financial services needs of its retail and corporate customers; in FY 2018–14, ABFSG reported consolidated revenue from these businesses at just under ₹ 70 billion (US$1.1 billion) and profits of about ₹ 7.5 billion (US$120 million). Anchored by over 14,000 employees and trusted by over 6 million customers, ABFSG has a nationwide reach through 1,500 points of presence and about 130,000 agents/channel partners, the financial services arm of the group is currently headed by Ajay Srinivasan.
Philanthropy [ edit ]
The group's philanthropic activities are looked after by Mrs Rajashree Birla, [21] the group also runs 45 schools and 18 hospitals.
Schools [ edit ]
B. K. Birla Centre For Education, Pune. Birla Public School, Pilani Birla Vidya Niketan, New Delhi [22] Aditya Birla Public School, Nagda Jn Aditya Birla Senior Secondary School, Nagda Jn Aditya Birla Vani Bharati, Rishra, Hooghly( Near Kolkata) [23] Sarala Birla Academy Aditya Birla Public School, Renusagar Aditya Birla Public School, Renukoot Aditya Birla World Academy, Mumbai Aditya Birla Intermediate College, Renukoot Aditya Birla Public School, Kotputli Distt Jaipur, Rajasthan Aditya Birla Public School, Kharach Aditya Birla Higher Secondary School, Veraval Aditya Birla Public School, Veraval Aditya Birla Public School, Jagdishpur, Uttar Pradesh Birla Public School, Doha, Qatar Sarla Birla Academy, Bengaluru [24] [ better source needed ] Aditya Birla Public school, Tikiri-Rayagada Aditya Birla Public School, Khor, Madhya Pradesh Aditya Birla Public School, Chittaurgarh, Rajasthan Aditya Birla Public School, Reddipalayam, Ariyalur Distt, Tamil Nadu Sarala Birla Public School, Ranchi Aditya Birla Public School, Grasim Vihar, Rawan Birla school nainital uttarakhand.
Institutes [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
Kumar Mangalam Birla Birla family Birla Foundation Aditya Birla Minacs Grasim Industries Yash Birla Group CK Birla Group Columbian Chemicals Plant explosion hoax in Centerville, St Mary Parish, Louisiana.
References [ edit ]
^ "Aditya Birla Group | Our group | Milestones". Adityabirla. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 19 November 2018 . & # 160; ^ a b "Aditya Birla Group | Our Group | Aditya Birla Group Profile". Adityabirla. 23 June 2018. ^ "!DEA – An !dea can change your life". Ideacellular. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Contact." Aditya Birla Group. Retrieved on 6 November 2018. "Aditya Birla Group Headquarters - Aditya Birla Centre, 3rd Floor, S K Ahire Marg, Worli, Mumbai, India" ^ "Media | Press releases | Hindalco Industries Ltd. and Novelis Inc. announce an agreement for Hindalco's acquisition of Novelis for nearly US$ 6 billion". Hindalco. 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group – Aditya Birla Group India – Aditya Birla Group Profile – History of Aditya Birla Group". Iloveindia. 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Best Employers in India 2007". Hewitt Associates Best Employers in India Survey . 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco Industries good for long-term investment-Investor's Guide-Features-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ S. Prasannarajan (26 March 2007). "India Today". India Today . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "AVB Group plans to move part of UK mill to India". The Times Of India . 30 June 2018. ^ "Birla buys Novelis for $6 bn". The Indian Express . Índia. 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2007 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco deal may not impact aluminium prices". The Hindu Business Line. 13 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd(500303|ABIRLANUVO) Fundamental details about Management Discussions". Indiainfoline . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Birla rejigs fibre, pulp business-Jobs-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Sven-Erik Bucht på skoglig främjarresa i Indien". News Powered by Cision . Retrieved 2017-11-24 . & # 160; ^ Tandon, Suneera (2018-12-19). "Madura experiments with first omni-channel retail". livemint . Retrieved 2018-05-09 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group enters ecommerce, launches online fashion portal abof - The Economic Times". The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018-05-09 . & # 160; ^ News ^ "Planet Fashion to touch 200 stores mark - Apparel - news - Fashion News India, jobs, network, apparel, business". fashionunited. in . Retrieved 2018-04-09 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Group's think tank gets younger-Corporate Trends-News By Company-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes. indiatimes. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Hindalco Industries Ltd. | CSR Rating 2009 – Corporate Social Responsibility – India | Details of CSR of the 1–500 companies for the year 08-09". karmayog. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . & # 160; ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 October 2018 . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Schools". & # 160; ^ "Aditya Birla Schools". & # 160;
External links [ edit ]
1. Privately held company – More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy.
2. Mumbai – Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited.
3. Maharashtra – Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2018, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2018, however, as of 2017, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally.
4. Chairman – The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs.
5. Agribusiness – Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. The term was coined in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis and it includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it are part of the agribusiness system. Within the agriculture industry, agribusiness is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, there are academic degrees in and departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide. The UNs Food and Agriculture Organization operates a section devoted to agribusiness development which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations, in the context of agribusiness management in academia, each individual element of agriculture production and distribution may be described as agribusinesses. However, the term agribusiness most often emphasizes the interdependence of these various sectors within the production chain, among critics of large-scale, industrialized, vertically integrated food production, the term agribusiness is used negatively, synonymous with corporate farming. As such, it is contrasted with smaller family-owned farms. As concern over global warming intensifies, biofuels derived from crops are gaining increased public and scientific attention and this is driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and support from government subsidies. In Europe and in the US, increased research and production of biofuels has been mandated by law, studies of agribusiness often come from the academic fields of agricultural economics and management studies, sometimes called agribusiness management. To promote more development of economies, many government agencies support the research and publication of economic studies. Some of these studies are on foods produced for export and are derived from agencies focused on food exports and these agencies include the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Austrade, and New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. The Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies and reports by FAS and AAFC, ray A. Goldberg coined the term agribusiness together with coauthor John H. Davis. They provided an economic framework for the field in their book A Concept of Agribusiness. That seminal work traces a complex value-added chain that begins with the purchase of seed and livestock. Agribusiness boundary expansion is driven by a variety of transaction costs, manuel Alvarado Ledesma and Peter D. Goldsmith explain the implications of weak institutions on agribusiness investment. According to them weak institutions lead to development and enforcement grounded in the moment, rather than based on precedent. The Globalization of Agribusiness and Developing World Food Systems, southern Innovator Magazine Issue 3, Agribusiness and Food Security, United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation.
6. Carbon black – Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, however, carbon black is widely used as a model compound for diesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments. Carbon black is used as a reinforcing filler in tires. In plastics, paints, and inks carbon black is used as a color pigment, the current International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluation is that, Carbon black is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Short-term exposure to concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract. Total production was around 8,100,000 metric tons in 2006, the most common use of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage, the high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, the balance is mainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics. For example, it is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, in Europe known as additive E153. It is approved for use as additive 153 in Australia and New Zealand but has been banned in the US, Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. As a good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives. Application of carbon black as an agent has provided uses as an additive for fuel caps. Additionally, the color pigment carbon black has been used in food. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, the Canadian Government’s assessment in 2018 concluded that carbon black should continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. The highest volume use of black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products. It is used often in the Aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts, practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are crucial use carbon black, so they are black in color. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.
7. Cement – A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand, Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater, rather, it sets as it dries and it is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive due to a reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and this allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash with added lime, the word cement can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment. In modern times, organic polymers are used as cements in concrete. Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime, hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide which is present in the air. The carbonation reaction requires the dry cement to be exposed to air and this whole process is called the lime cycle. Conversely, hydraulic cement hardens by hydration when water is added, Hydraulic cements are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being, Belite, Alite, Tricalcium aluminate, Brownmillerite. The chemistry of the above listed reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research, Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary curing ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs, in Egypt stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum, which often contained calcium carbonate. Lime was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks, there is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potshards as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. A kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results and it is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, the Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash with lime. This mixture was able to set under water increasing its resistance, the material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli, west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted. In the absence of ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute.
8. Chemicals – A chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical methods, i. e. without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be chemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys, Chemical substances are often called pure to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a substance is pure water, it has the same properties. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond, gold, table salt, however, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical. Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions. Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, a chemical substance may well be defined as any material with a definite chemical composition in an introductory general chemistry textbook. According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition, a substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties. The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition, in geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures of several minerals are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are an example, anorthoclase is an alkali aluminium silicate. In law, chemical substances may include both pure substances and mixtures with a composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines monoconstituent substances, multiconstituent substances and substances of unknown or variable composition, the latter two consist of multiple chemical substances, however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is a complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures, polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a precursor or reaction.
9. E-commerce – E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. 1979, Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system,1981, Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed. 1982, Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom,1983, California State Assembly holds first hearing on electronic commerce in Volcano, California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone and it is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service. 1989, In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp, introduced Compumarket The first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database,1990, Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer. 1992, Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a sales website selling books online with credit card processing. 1993, Paget Press releases edition No.3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper 1994, Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure. 1994, Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale,1994, Ten Summoners Tales by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket. 1995, The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet, the shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores, Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World and Innovations. 1995, Jeff Bezos launches Amazon. com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK, eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. 1996, IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India,1996, ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea. 1996, The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated Storefronts was an implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia. 1998, Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web,1999, Alibaba Group is established in China. O negócio. com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, the peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell items for the home online. 2000, Complete Idiots Guide to E-commerce released on Amazon 2000,2001, Alibaba. com achieved profitability in December 2001.
10. Retail – Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt.
11. Telecommunication – Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837.
12. Wind power – Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of power sources. Wind farms consist of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is a source of electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations. Wind power gives variable power which is consistent from year to year. It is therefore used in conjunction with other power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid. In addition, weather forecasting permits the power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. As of 2018, Denmark generates 40% of its power from wind. In 2017 global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW, yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electric power usage,11. 4% in the EU. Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind, for more than two millennia wind-powered machines have ground grain and pumped water. Wind power was available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for live stock. The first windmill used for the production of power was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Andersons College. Blyth offered the surplus power to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however. The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 metres in diameter and was mounted on an 18 metres tower, although large by todays standards, the machine was only rated at 12 kW. The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, with the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally-generated power.
13. United States dollar – The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common.
14. Aditya Birla Group – The Aditya Birla Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate named after Aditya Vikram Birla, headquartered in the Aditya Birla Centre in Worli, Mumbai, India. It operates in 40 countries with more than 120,000 employees worldwide, the group was founded by Seth Shiv Narayan Birla in 1857. The group had a revenue of approximately US$41 billion in year 2018 and it is the third-largest Indian private sector conglomerate behind Tata Group with revenue of just over US$100 billion and RIL with revenue of US$74 billion. The Groups non-ferrous metals are under Hindalco Industries and its manufacturing locations are primarily in India and it owns mines in Great Sandy Desert, Australia near Nifty Airport called Birla Nifty Copper Operation. On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. The Group plans to close a part of its aluminium foil making mill in UK, Hindalco makes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium, rolled products, alloy wheels, roofing sheets, wire rods, cast copper rods, copper cathodes and several other products. The Groups cement business was earlier under Grasim Industries and UltraTech Cement, the two entities have now been merged into UltraTech Cement to form Indias largest cement company. UltraTech Cement was acquired from L&T in 2004, after purchasing Columbian Chemicals Co, the Group is now the largest manufacturer of Carbon black worldwide. The Aditya Birla Group is the worlds largest producer of Viscose staple fibre and it operates from India, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and China. It owns the Birla Cellulose brand, apart from viscose staple fibre, the group also owns acrylic fibre businesses in Egypt and Thailand, viscose filament yarn businesses and spinning mills in India and South East Asia. The group has pulp and plantation interests in Canada and Laos and its two companies i. e. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd and Grasim Bhiwani Textiles Ltd which is a subsidiary of Grasim Industries are in textile business. Aditya Birla Group sells in-house and other branded apparel via brick-and-mortar and it also operates a multi brand fashion retail chain Pantaloons. The group ventured into niche target and select portfolio apparel in October 2018 with Abof, Aditya Birla Group is the majority shareholder of Idea Cellular. Idea Cellular was started as a joint venture with the AT&T, after an IPO on the Indian stock markets, Idea Cellular now accounts for a third of the groups market capitalisation. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, Aditya Birla Financial Services Group Aditya Birla Financial Services Group is the umbrella brand for all the financial services business of The Aditya Birla Group. ABFSG ranks among the top 5 fund managers in India with an AUM of US$23 billion, ABFSG is committed to serve the end-to-end financial services needs of its retail and corporate customers. In FY 2018–14, ABFSG reported consolidated revenue from these businesses at just under ₹70 billion, anchored by over 14,000 employees and trusted by over 6 million customers, ABFSG has a nationwide reach through 1,500 points of presence and about 130,000 agents/channel partners. The groups philanthropic activities are looked after by Mrs Rajashree Birla, the group also runs 45 schools and 18 hospitals.
15. India – India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2018, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety.
16. Worli – Worli is a locality in the city of Mumbai in Indian state of Maharashtra. It is also spelt as, Varli, Worlee, Warli and it is an important commercial and industrial centre in the city. Worli was one of the seven islands that constituted the city of Mumbai. Although primarily a village, the Worli Fort, a British fort that is now in ruins, is located there. It is known for being home to Dishankeshwar Kalsi, considered Indias first homosexual stage performer, Worli later became known as the land of the Kalsi. Worli has a mosque, the Haji Ali Dargah, on a rock in the sea, the island of Worli was connected to the main island of Bombay in 1784, with the completion of the Hornby Vellard. The Hornby Vellard is now known as Lala Lajpat Rai Road, in 1842, the Love Grove sewage pumping station was completed. It has special mitre gates opening to the sea, which are opened during periods of low tide, the pumping station is built on Dr Annie Besant road which was formerly known as the Love Grove Road. The British had built four bungalows for its administrative heads on the stretch ahead of the Love Grove Pumping station back in the 1930s and these bungalows are now replaced by the ATRIA Mall. D. Y. Patil International High School Maratha Mandir R. A, podar Medical College GreenLawns School Worli Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar School Unnati Night High School French International School of Bombay The Japanese School of Mumbai was formerly located in Worli. Worli is a part of South Mumbai which extends from Haji Ali to Prabhadevi and it is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the neighbourhoods of Haji Ali to the south, Mahalaxmi to the east and Prabhadevi to the north. The nearest railway station to the neighbourhood is Mahalaxmi And Elphinstone is also nearest railway station from Worli, with the commissioning of the Bandra-Worli Sealink, Worli Sea-Face is now better connected with Western Suburbs. Aditya Birla Group has its office in Worli. Childline India has its office on the fourth floor of the Sumer Kendra Building in P. B. Worli has been one of the busiest office areas in Mumbai since the late 70s, the first major development was the Shivsagar Estate located on Dr Annie Besant Road. The major companies having properties here are GSK Pharma, TATA, Novartis, HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, Siemens, CEAT, till September 1997 Poonam Chambers had the offices of companies like ESAB, US Vitamins But after the building collapsed they had to shift. The latest developments are happening in the old Mill lands with many television stations having their studios in them, even multinational companies like Deloitte have set their base in Worli. Even malls have emerged with Launch of Atria on 20 May 2006, the Worli-Bandra Sealink is located on Worli Sea Face.
17. Tata Group – Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded in 1868 by Jamshedji Tata and gained recognition after purchasing several global companies. In 2018-16, the revenue of Tata companies altogether is $103.51 billion and these companies collectively employ over 660,000 people. Each Tata company or enterprise operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders, the Tata Group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 for philanthropic activities. The new building will be called the Tata Hall and used for the executive education programmes. The amount is the largest from a donor to Harvard Business School One Tata project brought together Tata Group companies was developing a compact. It was called Tata swach which means clean in Hindi and would cost less than 1000 rupees, the idea of Tata swach was thought of from the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which left thousands of people without clean drinking water. This device has filters that last about a long for a family of five. It is a low-cost product available for people who have no access to drinking water in their homes. The advantage of this device is that it not require the use of electricity. TCS also designed and donated an innovative software package that supposedly teaches illiterate adults how to read in 40 hours, the children of the people who have been through our literacy program are all in school, says Pankaj Baliga, global head of corporate social responsibility for TCS. In 1912, Tata Group expanded their CEOs concept of community philanthropy to be included in the workplace and they instituted an eight-hour workday, before nearly any other company in the world. In 1917, they recommended a policy for Tata employees. The company would be among the first worldwide to organise modern pension systems, workers compensation, maternity benefits, the charitable trusts of Tata Group fund a variety of projects, for example the Tata Swach and the TCS project. Each Tata Group company channels more than 4 percent of its income to the trusts. After the Mumbai attacks, salaries of the attacked Taj Hotel employees were paid despite the hotel being closed for reconstruction, about 1600 employees were provided food, water, sanitation and first aid through employee outreach centres. Ratan Tata personally visited families of all the employees that were affected, the employees relatives were flown to Mumbai from outside areas and were all accommodated for 3 weeks. Tata also covered compensation for employees, police staff.
18. Reliance Industries – Reliance Industries Limited is an Indian conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Reliance owns businesses across India engaged in energy, petrochemicals, textiles, natural resources, retail, the company is ranked 215th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2018. It is ranked 8th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts as of 2018, the company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the business of the firm. In 1966, Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra and it established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat. In 1975, the company expanded its business into textiles, with Vimal becoming its major brand in later years, the company held its Initial public offering in 1977. The issue was over-subscribed by seven times, in 1979, a textiles company Sidhpur Mills was amalgamated with the company. In 1985, the name of the company was changed from Reliance Textiles Industries Ltd. to Reliance Industries Ltd, during the years 1985 to 1992, the company expanded its installed capacity for producing polyester yarn by over 145,000 tonnes per annum. The Hazira petrochemical plant was commissioned in 1991–92, in 1993, Reliance turned to the overseas capital markets for funds through a global depositary issue of Reliance Petroleum. In 1996, it became the first private company in India to be rated by international credit rating agencies. S&P rated Reliance BB+, stable outlook, constrained by the sovereign ceiling, moodys rated Baa3, Investment grade, constrained by the sovereign ceiling. In 1995/96, the company entered the industry through a joint venture with NYNEX, USA. In 1998/99, RIL introduced packaged LPG in 15 kg cylinders under the brand name Reliance Gas, the years 1998–2000 saw the construction of the integrated petrochemical complex at Jamnagar in Gujarat, the largest refinery in the world. In 2001, Reliance Industries Ltd. and Reliance Petroleum Ltd. became Indias two largest companies in terms of all major financial parameters, in 2001–02, Reliance Petroleum was merged with Reliance Industries. In 2002, Reliance announced Indias biggest gas discovery in nearly three decades and one of the largest gas discoveries in the world during 2002. The in-place volume of gas was in excess of 7 trillion cubic feet. This was the first ever discovery by an Indian private sector company, in 2002–03, RIL purchased a majority stake in Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. Indias second largest petrochemicals company, from Government of India, IPCL was later merged with RIL in 2008.
19. Hindalco – Hindalco Industries Ltd. an aluminium manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and it is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business. The company has sales of US$15 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank and its market capitalisation by the end of May 2018 was US$3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the worlds largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, the Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco, a 801.57 MW captive power plant which is about 40 km from Renukoot, Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. A467.5 MW captive power plant located at Hirakud and this plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries. A90 MW captive power plant located at Doraguda, Rayagada District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Utkal Refinery of Hindalco Industries. A900 MW captive power plant located at Lapanga, Sambalpur District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Aditya smelter of Hindalco Industries. Mahan Hindalco Industries Ltd. a 900 MW captive power plant, on 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, making the combined entity the worlds largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the worlds largest producer of rolled aluminium, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc. acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued, immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America, the day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a US$600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but K. M, Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium. In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited with 74.6 per cent equity holding, in July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc. s in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Orissa. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, as on 30 June 2018, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 32% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx.
20. Novelis – Novelis Inc. is an industrial aluminum company, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, United States Novelis is a leading producer of rolled aluminum and the global leader in beverage can recycling. The company serves customers in sectors including beverage cans, automotive, consumer electronics, construction, foil, the Novelis company was spun off from Canadian mining and aluminum manufacturer, Alcan Inc. and incorporated in 2005. The company was acquired by Indias Hindalco Industries for $6 billion in 2007, the acquisition made Hindalco one of the worlds top integrated aluminum players. This makes Novelis a member of the Aditya Birla Group, Novelis is the world’s largest producer of rolled aluminum sheet, with operations spanning 11 countries and nearly 11,000 employees. Its Oswego Works automotive department is its highest earning site, the company divides its operations into four regions, North America, Europe, Asia, and South America. The regional headquarters are Atlanta, Zurich, Seoul, and Sao Paulo, Novelis also has operations in UK, Germany, Italy, France, Canada, China, Malaysia and Vietnam. The company invested $100 million in its first manufacturing facility in China, in July 2017, it announced that Reynolds Consumer Products Inc. a subsidiary of the Rank Group of New Zealand, purchased the North American consumer products division of Novelis, for CAD $33. 75mn. Novelis recycles approximately 50 billion cans each year, the Novelis report received an A rating from the Global Reporting Initiative, the worlds most widely used framework for sustainability reporting. 2018 Innovation Award from BMW2009 Vision Award from Keep America Beautiful Novelis web site.
21. Hindalco Industries – Hindalco Industries Ltd. an aluminium manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and it is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business. The company has sales of US$15 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank and its market capitalisation by the end of May 2018 was US$3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the worlds largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, the Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco, a 801.57 MW captive power plant which is about 40 km from Renukoot, Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. A467.5 MW captive power plant located at Hirakud and this plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries. A90 MW captive power plant located at Doraguda, Rayagada District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Utkal Refinery of Hindalco Industries. A900 MW captive power plant located at Lapanga, Sambalpur District Odisha and this plant supplies power to Aditya smelter of Hindalco Industries. Mahan Hindalco Industries Ltd. a 900 MW captive power plant, on 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for US$6 billion, making the combined entity the worlds largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the worlds largest producer of rolled aluminium, on 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock. Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc. acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued, immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America, the day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a US$600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but K. M, Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium. In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited with 74.6 per cent equity holding, in July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc. s in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Orissa. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, as on 30 June 2018, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 32% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx.
22. UltraTech Cement – UltraTech Cement Limited is Indias biggest cement company and India’s largest exporter of cement clinker based in Mumbai, India. The company is part of the Aditya Birla Group and division of Grasim Industries and it has an annual capacity of 64 million tonnes. UltraTech cement has been awarded the Superbrand status and it manufactures and markets ordinary Portland cement, londonblast furnace slag cement, white cement and Portland Pozzolana cement. It also manufactures ready-mix concrete and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks with brand name Ultratech Xtralite, the export markets span countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. UltraTech is Indias largest exporter of cement clinker, most of the plants have ISO9001, ISO14001 and OHSAS18001 certification. In addition, two have received ISO27001 certification and four have received SA8000 certification, the process is currently underway for the remaining plants. The company exports over 2.5 million tonnes per annum, the export market consists of countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Export is a thrust area in the strategy for growth. These applications cover dry-lean mixes, general-purpose ready-mixes, and even high strength pre-cast, slag brings with it the advantage of the energy invested in the slag making. Grinding slag for cement replacement takes only 25 per cent of the energy needed to manufacture Portland cement, using slag cement to replace a portion of Portland cement in a concrete mixture is a useful method to make concrete better and more consistent. Portland Pozzolana cement Portland pozzolana cement is ordinary Portland cement blended with pozzolanic materials, Subsequently, Samruddhi Cement Limited amalgamated with UltraTech Cement Limited in July 2018. Grasim decides to acquire an 8.5 per cent equity stake from L&T and then make an offer for 30 per cent of the equity of CemCo. Grasim increases its stake in L&T to 14.15 per cent Arakkonam grinding unit 2001, Grasim acquires 10 per cent stake in L&T. Subsequently, increases stake to 15.
23. Grasim Industries – Grasim Industries Limited is an Indian building materials manufacturing company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was started in 1948 as a textile manufacturer, Grasim is the worlds largest producer of viscose rayon fiber with about 24% market share. Textile and related products contributes to 15% of the group turnover, Grasim Industries Operates Private Harihar Airport In Harihar, Karnataka. The airport served as an air strip for private charter service. Grasim Industries Limited was incorporated in 1948, Grasim is the largest exporter of Viscose Rayon Fiber in the country, elegant Textiles in 1973 in Indonesia. Thai Rayon incorporated in 1974, this was the company in Thailand. Century Textiles Co. Ltd. is taken over by Aditya Birla Group in 1974, PT Sunrise Bumi Textiles incorporated in 1979, it produces yarn exported over 30 countries in 6 continents. P. T Indo Bharat Rayon incorporated in 1980 produces Viscose Staple Fiber in Indonesia and this company supplies to sectors such as food, textiles, electrical and electronics, composites, leather, plastics and automobiles. PT Indo Liberty Textiles was incorporated in 1995 to manufacture synthetic spun yarn, in late 1990s and later, the focus was the textile business following the end of Multi-Fiber Arrangement. Together, Grasim Industries Ltd. and Tembec, Canada acquired AV Nackawic Inc. which produces dissolving pulp, Grasim Industries Ltd. supplies Viscose Staple Fiber. The Aditya Birla Groups VSF manufacturing plants are in Thailand, Indonesia, India, in 2003, its Chemical Division was awarded the Best of all Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award.
24. Larsen & Toubro – Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-national conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was founded by two Danish engineers taking refuge in India, the company has business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing goods, information technology, and financial services, and has offices worldwide. Larsen & Toubro originated from a company founded in 1938 in Bombay, the company began as a representative of Danish manufacturers of dairy equipment. However, with the start of the Second World War in 1939 and the restriction on imports. Germanys invasion of Denmark in 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products, the war-time need to repair and refit ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships signalling the expansion of the company, the sudden internment of German engineers in British India, who were to put up a soda ash plant for the Tatas, gave L&T a chance to enter the field of installation. In 1944, ECC was incorporated by the partners, the company at time was focused on construction projects. By 1945, the company represented British manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture such as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps. In 1945, the signed an agreement with Caterpillar Tractor Company, USA. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices and this prompted them to raise additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private Limited was incorporated. After Indias independence in 1947, L&T set up offices in Calcutta, Madras, in 1948,55 acres of undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in Powai, Mumbai. A previously uninhabitable swamp subsequently became the site of its main manufacturing hub, in December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital of ₹20 lakh. The sales turnover in that year was ₹1.09 crore, in 1956, a major part of the companys Mumbai office moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate, which would later be purchased by the company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters. During the 1960s, ventures included UTMAL, Audco India Limited, Eutectic Welding Alloys, L&T has formed a joint venture with SapuraCrest Petroleum Berhad, Malaysia for providing services to the offshore construction industry. The joint venture will own and operate the LTS3000, a vessel for heavy lifting and pipe-laying. L&T Power has set up an organisation focused on coal-based, gas-based, L&T has formed two joint ventures with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan to manufacture super critical boilers and steam turbine generators. L&T is among the largest five fabrication companies in the world, L&T has a shipyard capable of constructing vessels of up to 150 metre long and displacement of 20,000 tons at its heavy engineering complex at Hazira, Gujarat. The shipyard constructs specialised heavy-lift ships, CNG carriers, chemical tankers, defence & para-military vessels, submarines, the design wing of L&T ECC is EDRC, which provides consultancy, design and services.
25. Viscose – Viscose is both a semi-synthetic fiber, formerly called viscose rayon, or rayon and a solution of cellulose xanthate. The latter is produced by treating dissolving pulp with aqueous sodium hydroxide, byproducts of the production process include sodium thiocarbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide. Viscose rayon fiber is a soft fiber commonly used in dresses, linings, shirts, shorts, coats, jackets and it is also used in industrial yarns, upholstery and carpets, and in the casting of Cellophane. When Viscose is made, the cellulose is made of wood pulp, Viscose rayon is a fiber of regenerated cellulose, it is structurally similar to cotton but may be produced from a variety of plants such as soy, bamboo, and sugar cane. Cellulose is a polymer of β-D-glucose units with the empirical formula n. To prepare viscose, dissolving pulp is treated with sodium hydroxide to form alkali cellulose. The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, N + nCS2 → n The higher the ratio of cellulose to combined sulfur, the lower the solubility of the cellulose xanthate. The xanthate is dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide and allowed to depolymerize to a desired extent, the rate of depolymerization depends on temperature and is affected by the presence of various inorganic and organic additives, such as metal oxides and hydroxides. Air also affects the process since oxygen causes depolymerization. Rayon fiber is produced from the solutions by treatment with a mineral acid. The thread made from the cellulose is washed to remove residual acid. The sulfur is removed by the addition of sodium sulfide solution. The use of viscose is declining, in part because of the costs of its production. Carbon disulphide is a neurotoxic to humans, instead, rayon may be manufactured using the Lyocell process, which uses N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide as the solvent and produces little waste product, making it relatively eco-friendly. French scientist and industrialist Hilaire de Chardonnet — who invented the first artificial textile fiber, British scientists Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan took out British patent no. 8,700, Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds in May,1892, in 1893 they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences, and in 1896 formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd. to exploit the process. Art silk Cellophane Rayon Sausage casings Synthetic velvet Viscose, archived from the original on 2008-06-25.
26. Acrylic fibre – Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer with an average molecular weight of.
100,000, about 1900 monomer units. For a fiber to be called acrylic in the US, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer, typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate. DuPont created the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name Orlon and it was first developed in the mid-1940s but was not produced in large quantities until the 1950s. Strong and warm, acrylic fiber is used for sweaters and tracksuits and as linings for boots and gloves, as well as in furnishing fabrics. It is manufactured as a filament, then cut into short staple lengths similar to wool hairs, modacrylic is a modified acrylic fiber that contains at least 35% and at most 85% acrylonitrile monomer. The comonomers vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride or vinyl bromide used in modacrylic give the fiber flame retardant properties, end-uses of modacrylic include faux fur, wigs, hair extensions and protective clothing. The polymer is formed by free-radical polymerization in aqueous suspension, washing, stretching, drying and crimping complete the processing. Acrylic fibers are produced in a range of deniers, typically from 0.9 to 15, end uses include sweaters, hats, hand-knitting yarns, socks, rugs, awnings, boat covers, and upholstery, the fiber is also used as PAN precursor for carbon fiber. Production of acrylic fibers is centered in the Far East, Turkey, India, Mexico, US producers have ended production, though acrylic tow and staple are still spun into yarns in the USA. Former U. S. brands of acrylic included Acrilan, other brand names that are still in use include Dralon and Drytex. Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm, with a wool-like feel and it can also be made to mimic other fibers, such as cotton, when spun on short staple equipment. Some acrylic is extruded in colored or pigmented form, other is extruded in ecru, otherwise known as natural, raw white and its fibers are very resilient compared to both other synthetics and natural fibers. Some acrylic is used in clothing as an expensive alternative to cashmere. Some acrylic fabrics may fuzz or pill easily, though there are low-pilling variants, acrylic takes color well, is washable, and is generally hypoallergenic. End-uses include socks, hats, gloves, scarves, sweaters, home furnishing fabrics, acrylic can also be used to make fake fur and to make many different knitted clothes. As acrylic is a fiber, the larvae of clothes moths are unable to digest it. However, acrylic fibers that are blended with wool or soiled may be eaten as a consequence of having blended fibers, the fiber requires heat to relax or set the shape of the finished garment, and it isnt as warm when wet as alternatives like wool. Some hand-knitters also complain that the fiber squeaks when knitted, or that it is painful to knit with because of a lack of give or stretch in the yarn, on the other hand, it is machine-washable and extremely color-fast.
27. Idea Cellular – Idea Cellular is an Indian mobile network operator based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Idea is a pan-India integrated GSM operator offering 2G, 3G, Idea is India’s third largest mobile operator by subscriber base. Idea has 191 million subscribers as of 31 December 2018, Idea Cellular Infrastructure Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of Idea Cellular which maintains the tower assets and network infrastructures. During its inception in 1995, Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group, following AT&T Wireless merger with Cingular Wireless in 2004, Cingular decided to sell its 32. 9% stake in Idea. This stake was bought by the remaining two stakeholders equally, malaysia based Axiata bought a 19. 96% stake in the company in 2009. On 20 March 2017, Idea and Vodafone India announced that their boards had approved a merger of the two companies. The merger will not include Vodafones 42% stake in Indus Towers Ltd, the merger will create the largest telecom company in India by subscribers and by revenue. Under the terms of the deal, the Vodafone will hold a 45. 1% stake in the entity, the Aditya Birla Group will hold 26%. The merger is expected to be completed by March 2019, Idea competes with other major mobile operators including Airtel, Vodafone, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Aircel, Telenor and Tata DoCoMo. 5% while the rest remain below 9%. On 19 May 2018, in the 3G spectrum auction Idea paid ₹57.68 billion for spectrum in 11 circles, Idea launched its first 3G services in 2018. As of 31 Mar 2018, Idea Cellular offers 3G services on its own spectrum in 13 telecom service areas—the latest being Delhi and Kolkata. Idea has now launched its own 4G LTE services in over 350 towns across 10 telecom service areas including its service areas like Maharashtra, Kerala, MP&CG, AP&T, Punjab. It now provides 4G services in the areas of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering large metros and mini metros of Chennai. Idea strengthened its base after the launch of MNP in India. As per information available in the domain, Idea leads the net port ins and is ahead of both Airtel and Vodafone in gaining from Mobile Number Portability.
28. AT&T Inc. – AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate, headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas, Texas. AT&T is the third-largest company in Texas, as of February 2017, AT&T is the 12th largest company in the world as measured by a composite of revenues, profits, assets and market valuation. AT&T is the largest telecommunications company in the world by revenue, as of 2017, it is also the 18th-largest mobile telecom operator in the world, with 135 million mobile customers. AT&T was ranked at #4 on the 2017 rankings of the worlds most valuable brands published by Brand Finance, Southwestern Bell changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995. In 2005, SBC purchased former parent AT&T Corp. and took on its branding, with the merged entity naming itself AT&T Inc. and using the iconic AT&T Corp. logo and stock-trading symbol. The current AT&T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies, AT&T can trace its origin back to the original Bell Telephone Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell after his invention of the telephone. This monopoly was known as the Bell System, and during this period, for periods of time, the former AT&T was the worlds largest phone company. In 1982, U. S. regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its regional subsidiaries and these new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells. AT&T continued to long distance services, but as a result of this breakup, faced competition from new competitors such as MCI. Southwestern Bell was one of the created by the breakup of AT&T. The architect of divestiture for Southwestern Bell was Robert G. Pope, the company soon started a series of acquisitions. This includes the 1987 acquisition of Metromedia mobile business, and the acquisition of several companies in the early 1990s. In the later half of the 1990s, the company acquired several other companies, including some Baby Bells. During this time, the changed its name to SBC Communications. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, in 2005, SBC purchased AT&T for $16 billion. After this purchase, SBC adopted the better-known AT&T name and brand, the current AT&T claims the original AT&Ts history as its own, though its corporate structure only dates from 1983. It also retains SBCs pre-2005 stock price history, in September 2018, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with Carlos Slims América Móvil. In December 2018, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-based Frontier Communications, in July 2018, AT&T purchased DirecTV for $48.5 billion, or $67.1 billion including assumed debt.
29. IPO – Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering.
30. Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse – MyUniverse is an online money management platform offered through Aditya Birla Customer Services Limited, under Aditya Birla Financial Services Group for the Aditya Birla Group. It is an online money management platform, offering customers an opportunity to manage their finances. It operates from its office located in the financial capital of India - Mumbai, Maharashtra. The purpose of it was to get a single view of their financial universe. It also offers expense tracking, setting budgets, tracking transactions, registering for bill payment, the key products and services are as follows, Aggregate - Manage all your bank, loan and investment accounts in one place. Análise & amp; Advice - Get customized advice based on financial and risk profile across all investment categories, transact - Act on analysis and advice by completing transaction in one place. Invest - Invest in Mutual Funds online, MyUniverse was voted Product of the year 2018 by Nielsens Consumer Survey of Product Innovation in the Financial Services category and also won Finnoviti-2018. GOSF - Aditya Birla Money MyUniverse was the partner for Google’s Great Online Shopping Festival that took place between 10 December 2017 and 12 December 2017. ZipSIP - ZipSIP is a new service that helps investors invest in Mutual Funds in a few minutes, Tax - MyUniverse has partnered with H&R Block for providing online Tax filing services to all its subscribers. MyUniverse subscribers can file Taxes for FREE with this facility, bill Pay - MyUniverse helps its subscribers pay bills online of all major utility companies. Maxit - Maxit is an app that gives its user the offer based on their spending pattern & current location, Money Moves - Money Moves is a financial information platform by MyUniverse.
31. Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Birla Institute of Technology & Science is an Indian institute of higher education and a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956. The university has 15 academic departments, and focuses primarily on education in engineering. It is widely known as the best private engineering institute and stands among the top Engineering, the institute was established in its present form in 1964. During this period, the transformation from a regional engineering college to a national university was backed by G. D. Birla. BITS has established centres at Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad and Dubai, BITS administers the all-India computerised competitive entrance examination, BITSAT, Admission is merit-based, as assessed by the BITSAT examination. The fully residential institute is privately supported, the Birla Education Trust was founded in 1929, the intermediate college became a degree college and later offered postgraduate courses. The masters programme in electronics began in 1955, reacting to criticism about the project, Drew said, In my judgment to attempt to develop an American institution in India would be like trying to graft apples on a pine tree. We have not been asked to make such an attempt and we were asked to help devise in India an Indian technological school to produce graduates with the know-how to produce knowledge pertinent for India…. In many respects they consider us immature, rude, hypocritical barbarians who in certain respects happened to hit it lucky, to be viable in India an institution must be framed with Indian values in mind. In 1964, the Birla Colleges of Humanities, Commerce, Engineering, Pharmacy, the board provided direction in developing a curriculum, selecting equipment, upgrading the library and recruiting an Indian faculty. To quicken the pace of reform he convinced C. R. Mitra to be the new director of the institute, Mitra advocated a practice school internship program as a requirement for faculty and students. The Practice School Program is still a requirement for students in BITS, BITS Pilani became a deemed university established under Section 3 of the UGC Act,1956 by notification No. The acceptance rate of BITS Pilani is 1. 47% based on the data of BITSAT2018, in 1999, enrollment expanded from 2,500 to 4,000 and campuses were founded in Dubai and Goa. In 2006, BITS Pilani acquired 200 acres of land from the Andhra Pradesh government through the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority for a new campus, the land is located in Jawaharnagar, Shameerpet Mandal in the Rangareddy district. The BITS Pilani Hyderabad campus opened in 2008, the school also has a virtual university, BITS Pilani has a tradition of long-serving chancellors and vice-chancellors. Its founder, G. D. Birla, was chancellor from the colleges inception until his death in 1983 and he was followed by his son, Krishna Kumar Birla, who was chancellor until his death in 2008. Currently, Kumar Mangalam Birla is chancellor and Shobhana Bhartia is pro-chancellor, the first academic head of the institution was J. C. Stracliff and V. Lakshminarayanan for a period of 3 years during 1946-1949, V. Lakshminarayan became Principal of Birla Engineering College in 1949, then becoming the first Director of BITS-Pilani in 1964 when it was formed and served till 1969.
32. Pilani – Pilani is a small town situated in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, India. Administratively, it forms a part of Jhunjhunu district, the place became popular since the establishment of BITS Pilani. As of the 2018 Census of India, Pilani has a population of 29,741 of which 51% are males, the average literacy rate is 72%. Male literacy is 80% and female 63%, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Pilani has a continental, semi-arid climate, typical of North Western India, summers, which last from late March till the end of June are extremely hot and dry. They are followed by the months of July, August and early September, where temperatures drop slightly. The months from late October to early March see warm days, Pilani is home to the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, one of Indias engineering institutes, which was deemed to be a university in 1964. Apart from BITS, Pilani also has one of the major CSIR labs for advanced research in electronics, the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, the GD Birla Memorial Polytechnic Institute, established in 1988 in Pilani, is one of the top ranked diploma colleges in Rajasthan. In 2009, Shridhar University was established under the State Government Act as a private university, the University provides various higher education programs up to doctoral level. Schools include Birla High School, Birla Public School and Birla Balika Vidyapeeth, Birla School Pilani is providing education from 1901. Pilani is 208 kilometres from Jaipur and 193 kilometres from Delhi and has a bus transport system. Birla Institute of Technology and Science Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology Mr. Amit Goswami a Electronics Engineer in Bangalore.
33. Dubai – Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2018, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2017, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries.
34. Birla Institute of Management Technology – Birla Institute of Management Technology is graduate business school located in Greater Noida, an education hub in the National Capital Region of India. It was established in the year 1988, the Institute was founded under the aegis of the Birla Academy of Art and Culture. Harivansh Chaturvedi is the current Director of the institute, during the two-year programme,1250 hours of class room teaching is provided along with extra and co-curriculum activities that are parts of the programme. The students enrolled in the programme are part of the student bodies drawn from all programmes of the institute. The student conduit has members from seven committees i. e. Discipline Committee, Mess Committee, Newsletter Committee, Media Committee, Cultural Committee and Sports Committee and these conduits not only apprise students of latest developments in their respective fields but also engage them in organizing various activities. The PGDM-IB is a two-year, AICTE-approved, full-time program focused on international and global business relationships as well as the import/export business, the number of applicants admitted to this program is limited to 60 currently. The PGDM-IB is spread over six terms offering three areas of specialization, Marketing, Finance and Operations. A part of the curriculum includes a mandatory port visits India or abroad for the practical knowledge of Imports exports. This course was launched in 2000 by the Centre for Insurance, with dual specialization in Life and Non-life insurance. after the year 2018100 placement record of this course. The first of its kind in the country to offer education in Insurance and Risk Management. This two-year, Full-time, programme has been approved by AICTE, MHRD, to develop competence in management of risk through fundamentals of Insurance with specialization in management of insurance company, underwriting & gerenciamento de riscos. The aim of the Centre for Risk Management and Insurance of BIMTECH is to turn out management executives who can, so to say, two-year, Full-time, Accredited by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority, Govt. of India, the course has an intake of 60 students. The Chartered Insurance Institute, UK has accorded recognition to the PGDM-IBM course and this two-year PGDM has been recognized as equivalent to the Associate level of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai. The Retail Management Programme Is an AICTE-approved two-year full-time education focused on retailing and merchandising management, the PGDM program is the pioneer two-year full-time program in Retail Management approved by AICTE. Centre for Research Studies conducts doctoral and post-doctoral programmes, PHD programme is offered in collaboration with University of Mysore, Mysore, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Rajasthan and University of Assam, Silchar. FPM is a popular autonomous doctoral programme approved by AICTE, BIMTECH has over 65+ full-time faculty, and on a daily and yearly basis, about 15 and 250 respectively visiting faculty. BIMTECH is located in Greater Noida in the capital region. Most of the Institutes research work is published in the form of reports, journals, research papers, interviews.
35. Greater Noida – Greater Noida City is a north Indian city with a population in excess of 100,000, located in the Gautam Budh Nagar district of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the purview of the National Capital Region of India, situated 30 km south-east of capital city of New Delhi, it takes around 30 minutes to travel between the cities via the Noida-Greater Noida Expressway. Before Greater Noida City, there were two areas that had been developed—Gurgaon, across the border from Haryana, and Noida, across the border with Uttar Pradesh, noidas infrastructure was carefully laid out, but the 1990s saw huge growth in the Indian economy. Migration to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Noida was developed to accommodate population growth for 20–25 years. The massive population influx to Delhi, however, caused it to overload in a mere 15 years, although intake is not complete, the government of Uttar Pradesh decided to develop another city as an extension to Noida with better planning. The idea was to create a city approximately 25 km from Noida. During the 1990s, the Noida extension became what is known as Greater Noida. The development of the city is managed by the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, Greater Noida is connected to Agra by the six-lane Yamuna Expressway. The annual Indian Grand Prix is held at the Buddh International Circuit, roads are wide with service lanes for every major road. The sectors are named by letters of the Greek alphabet, all cabling and utilities have been built underground. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma are the oldest sectors, the other emerging sectors include Xu, Delta, Mu, Omicron and Tau. A park has been named Amar Shaheed Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan by the Uttar Pradesh Government, the 12th and 14th Auto Expos were held at India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, in February 2017 and 2018 respectively. All sectors under Noida Extension are very much a part of the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, as of late 2018, plans were being formed to rename it to Greater Noida. Planners intended the area to provide NCR region housing, as per provisional data of the 2018 census, Greater Noida had a population of 107,676, with 58,662 males and 49,014 females. The literacy rate was 86. 54%,91. 48% of males and 80. 65% of females, the demographics of Greater Noida mainly consist of students, corporate employees, and labourers. Students are often temporary residents from other parts of India and abroad, Greater Noida and Noida combined have approximately 200 villages, out of which 110 have a Gurjar majority and 50 villages have yadav as a majority. Greater Noida has a similar climate to Delhi, very hot and dry during summer, hot and humid during monsoons, pleasant and dry during spring and autumn, and cool to cold during winters. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the falls under seismic zone-III, on a scale of I to V while the wind and cyclone zoning is a very high damage risk.
36. Bhubaneshwar – Bhubaneswar, also spelt as Bhubaneshwar /ˌbʊbəˈneɪʃwər/, the capital of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic, along with the old town, the region of Bhubaneswar, historically was often depicted as Ekamra Kshetra. Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established only in 1948, with many 8th-12th century CE Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India. With Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja, one of eastern Indias most visited destinations, Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949,2 years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946, along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern Indias first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2018, Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the countrys fastest-developing cities, the foundation of the modern Bhubaneswar city was laid in 1948, although the areas in and around the city have a history going back to 1st century BCE or earlier. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar is the site of the Kalinga War, one of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272–236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty and his Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas. In 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, after the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagar was located in present-day Bhubaneswar district, after them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area. Most of the temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area, during their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured. In the 16th century, the area came under Mughal control, the Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province, the capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints.
37. Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences – The Technological Institute of Textile and Sciences, founded in 1943, offers engineering programs and postgraduate programs. It is one of the oldest colleges in India, the Technical College established in 1943 was initially affiliated to the Department of Industrial Training, Punjab for 3-year Diploma course in Spinning Technology and Weaving Technology. TITS remained a part of the Birla Education Trust up to 31 March 1985, to reflect the expanded instructional facilities and new courses the Society was rechristened as The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences. The institute provides lectures by in-house and visiting faculty, expert lectures, discussions, seminars, project assignments and visits to industries, the Institute is attached to a Textile Factory for training the students under actual mill conditions and working environment. Students undergo extensive practical and theoretical training sessions and they can handle the mechanical and administrative issues confidently and independently. The mill management can rest assured for the responsibilities entrusted to theses trained technocrats and that is why TITS technologists are readily accepted by the textile industry. Founded in 1943, the Technological Institute of Textile and Sciences is a center for research, the visionary Padma Vibhushan Dr. Ghanshyam Das Birla established the institute in 1943 under the auspices of the Birla Education Trust. Its administration vests in the TITS College Managing Committee which is constituted according to the constitution prescribed by the All India Council for Technical Education, the institute has attached to it a textile mill for training the students under working conditions and for conducting research. This association of a mill with an institute in textile technology is unique in India. This institute is among those few institutes in India that offer degrees in technology at the level as opposed to the B. E.1943 - Diploma in Textile Manufacturing 1952 - B. Tech in Textile Technology 1986 - B, Tech in Computer Engineering 1999 - B. Tech in Electronics and Instrumentation and B. Tech in Fashion, admission to the four-year B. Tech course is made on the basis of merit of JEE main exam conducted by CBSE with an intake of 400 students. Courses have an intake of 66 students, and M. B. A. courses have an intake of 40 students. Admission to the two-year MBA degree course is made on the basis of merit of CMAT scores conducted by AICTE, the total land area available with the TIT&S Society governing the Institute is 112 acres out of which an area of 1,09,694 Sqm. The college has three libraries with large variety of books in them, the institute is located in Birla Colony, opposite Bhiwani railway station. Bhiwani town in Haryana has just over half a million people and lies on the broad gauge line connecting Rewari, Bhatinda, Hisar, Jaipur, Rohtak, Delhi. It is connected by bus service to Delhi and all major towns of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan. There are four hostels for boys and one hostel for girls, having a total of 500 single-seated rooms with a dining hall, a fully vegetarian hostel mess is run by the students.
38. Birla family – The Birla family is a family connected with the industrial and social history of India. The Birla family belong to the Maheshwari subcaste of the Vaishya caste, specifically, the family originates from the town of Pilani in the Shekhawati region lying between Marwad proper and Haryana state. In Pilani during the early 19th century lived Seth Shobharam, grandson of Seth Bhudharmal and it was his son, Seth Shiv Narain, who first ventured outside Pilani. At this time, Ahmedabad was the railhead which serviced trade from a region of northwest India. Goods would be brought from the hinterland to the city and sent from there by train to Bombay for export to England, several cotton ginning units were also set up in Ahmedabad, to clean the cotton before shipment to England. Shiv Narain Birla was one of the early Indian traders to participate in this cotton trade, later, Britain vigorously fostered the trade of opium with China and developed the cultivation of poppy in India. The Ratlam-Mandsaur region became prime poppy cropland due to suitable soil, Shiv Narain Birla and his adopted son, Baldeo Das Birla, made an enormous fortune by trading opium with China, and this formed the basis of the familys fortune. To facilitate this, he moved to Bombay in 1863, Shiv Narain Birla had one overweening sorrow in his life, he had no children. By the early 1880s, Shiv Narain had passed on the baton of his business interests to his son, Baldeo Das Birla, established Shivnarayan Baldevdas. His son, Baldeo Das Birla moved to Calcutta set up Baldevdas Jugalkishor in 1887, Baldeo Das was succeeded by four sons – Jugal Kishore, Rameshwar Das, Ghanshyam Das and Braj Mohan. Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title in 1917, in 1920 he retired from business and started living in Banares pursuing religious studies. In 1925 he was awarded the title of Raja by the government of Bihar and he was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University. Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of his empire by establishing GM Birla Company, trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks and it is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh. In 1919, he became among the first group of Indian entrepreneurs to become owner of a Jute mill named Birla Jute, in the next few years he acquired several cotton mills. He later started several sugar mills, the publication Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla in 1924 and fully acquired by him in 1933. Hindustan Motors was started in 1942, after Indias independence in 1947 he started Grasim and Hindalco among others. Baldeo Das, as well his sons were among the key supporters of the movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
39. Aditya Birla Minacs – The company is now part of Concentrix, a wholly owned subsidiary of SYNNEX Corporation and a leading business services company. Minacs is a business and technology outsourcing company with headquarters in Toronto, Canada, Detroit, United States, SYNNEX Corporation, a leading business process services company, acquired The Minacs Group Pte on Aug 2,2018. The company has now been integrated into its Concentrix business segment, the new combined Concentrix organization will have more than 90,000 Concentrix staff providing services in over 40 languages from 125 delivery centers across six continents. Minacs was formed in 2007 with the coming together of TransWorks, one of India’s first business process outsourcing players, with Minacs, the unified Aditya Birla Minacs entity was a result of the Aditya Birla Group acquiring a controlling stake in Minacs Worldwide Inc. Canada in 2006 through its TransWorks subsidiary, Minacs was founded in 1981 in Oshawa, Canada by Elaine Minacs. Trans Works was co-founded in 1999 in Mumbai, India by Rizwan Koita and it also expanded its services portfolio from contact center to Customer Relationship Management, and added integrated marketing services by acquiring the US-based Phoenix Group in 2001. Minacs was the first North American contact center/BPO company to achieve the ISO,9001 quality certification in 1996, the Aditya Birla Group had earlier acquired PSI in 2001. Minacs partners with global corporations in the manufacturing, retail, telecommunication, technology, media and entertainment, banking, insurance, healthcare and public sector. As on April 2017, there are 21,000 Minacs experts across 3 continents and 35 centers spanning Canada, Germany, Hungary, India, Jamaica, Philippines, the UK and United States. In 2009, Minacs opened operations centers in Vadodara, Aurangabad, Chennai, Kolkata and Ranchi in India and it announced the acquisition of London-headquartered Compass BPO in March 2018 to acquire a significant Finance and Accounting outsourcing capability. It acquired the Minnesota-based Bureau of Collection Recovery in June 2018 to add accounts receivable management, Minacs named in ISG’s Breakthrough Top 10 Players for Americas. NelsonHall NEAT Analysis, Innovators in Customer Management Services in Retail Banking, NelsonHall NEAT Analysis, Leaders in Customer Management Services in Telecoms/Cable/Satellite Sector. Won the 2018 Frost & Sullivan Customer Service Leadership Award for North American Contact Center Outsourcing in Automotive market, Everest PEAK Matrix, Major Contender in Contact Center Outsourcing in Healthcare. Everest PEAK Matrix, Major Contender in Contact Center Outsourcing in BFSI, Minacs ranked among the ISG Global Outsourcing Index top 20 outsourcing provider in BPO. Minacs was a “Major Contender” in Everest Group’s Contact Center Outsourcing PEAK Matrix™ study, the company won a Silver Stevie in the Outbound Campaign of the Year category—for its Hyundai Hope on Wheels campaign. Training Magazine listed Minacs in its Training Top 125 for 2017 list, Minacs was a finalist in the Service Excellence category at the 31st Annual Ontario Business Achievement Awards. Official website ^ ISG Top 10 Players for Americas, ^ NelsonHall NEAT Analysis for Telecom. ^ Frost & Sullivan Customer Leadership Award, ^ Everest PEAK Matrixs Contact Center Outsourcing in Healthcare.
40. Yash Birla Group – Yash Birla Group is Indian industrial conglomerate group based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Its chairman Yashovardhan Birla, is a member of the Birla family, the Group traces it origins to the businesses started by various members of the Birla family. The group today has 10 publicly listed subsidiaries in India, the group is currently facing major financial and legal bottlenecks. Zenith Birla Ltd, Zenith Birla Limited was incorporated in 1960, ZBIL, a flagship company of Yash Birla Group is a pioneer in Manufacture and Exports of Steel Pipes, Tubes and Hollow Sections from India. The Companys plants are located at Khopoli, Tarapur & Murbad, the Khopoli Plant has a complete Manufacturing and Residential complex for its employees with facilities of School, Club House, Guest House, Temple and Auditorium. Birla Pacific Medspa - Bse India - stock Trading was suspended due to non compliance from June 2018, Birla Power Birla Infrasolutions Ltd Birla Precision Technologies Limited Birla Transasia Carpets Ltd, Birla Perucchini Ltd, Birla Electricals Ltd Birla Lifestyle Ltd, Birla Concepts Pvt. Ltd Shloka Infotech Ltd, Birla Cotsyn Ltd Melstar Information Technologies The logo of group is a conch.
41. CK Birla Group – The CK Birla Group is an Indian conglomerate named after Chandra Kant Birla, headquartered in the Birla Tower in Barakhamba road, New Delhi, India. Earlier the group was led by eminent industrialists - BM Birla, as of 2017, it includes over 20,000 employees,24 manufacturing facilities and operations across five continents. The CK Birla group is a conglomerate with a total revenue of approximately US$1.6 billion in year 2017. Its current chairman CK Birla is a member of the Birla family, known for its role in the industrial development of India.
42. Birla Corporation – Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla. In the 1890s, Birla Corporation was a manufacturing company, but over time, it grew to operate four main divisions, cement, jute, vinoleum. It is not a part of the Aditya Birla Group, a conglomerate with products ranging from metals, cements, textiles, agricultural businesses, telecommunications, IT. Formerly known as Birla Jute Manufacturing Company Limited, with the expansion of divisions, Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla’s grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla used his capital from a moneylending business and started a cotton business. With a successful venture, he went back to Pilani, his birthplace, business boomed with World War I as the British Empire relied on Birla to provide for the war efforts. GD Birla inherited the business and expanded into many industries, and by 1919. He ventured into the vehicle industry, tea, textiles, cement, chemicals. While still in the years of the Birla Group, an inkling of the future of Birla Brothers Limited was depicted in GD Birla’s life. Born in 1918, Madhav Prasad of Bombay, son of GD Birla, was a part of the Birla Jute Manufacturing Company since the beginning, by the time he finished college, he was already in charge of Birla Jute which had suffered economic downturns and wars. Madhav changed the company from Birla Jute Manufacturing Company to a company with activities across a spectrum of industries. In MP Birla’s time, Birla Corporation and the businesses under Birla Group gained significant power and stance in the cement, auto trims, steel. When he died in 1990, his wife, Priyamvada Birla took over as the chairman of Birla in 1998, Priyamvada is known for her active roles in the community, healthcare, and education. In 2018, Birla Corporation merged with its company, Talavadi Cements Ltd as the firm could not meet requirements for raw materials due to a ban on the mines in Rajasthan. This caused a decrease in the Birla stock around the months of June, when Priyamvada died in 2004, she gave the Rs 5000 crore estate to her close accountant, RS Lodha, who was a co-chairman, eventually became chairman of Birla Corporation. This estate included key holdings in the East India Investments Co and Gwalior Webbing, Birla Corporation, Vidhya Telelinks, however, the Birla family challenged the Lodha family in court in 2008 about the contents of the will, and Priyamvada’s previous two wills. By then, the case changed course with the death of RS Lodha in October 2008. In her will, Priyamvada declared that after RS Lodha, his son, since the will was written in 1999 and was not officially granted “probate, ” the Lodha family currently holds the MP Birla group. In 2018, Birla Corporation faced problems with overproduction of cement during a period of decreasing demand.
43. More (store) – Aditya Birla Retail Limited is the retail arm of ] company. ABRL is the fourth largest supermarket chain in the country after Future Group, Reliance Retail and it operates two different store formats - Supermarket and Hypermarket under the brand more. It has about 494 supermarkets and 19 hypermarkets around the country, ABRL plans to open 100 supermarkets and 6-8 hypermarkets. To fund this expansion, ABRL has borrowed Rs 500 crore from Yes bank, besides this, it has decided to increase its borrowing limit to Rs 7,500 crore from Rs 5,000 crore. Aditya Birla Retail Limited provides customers products under its own labels, private label Food Brands include Feasters, Kitchens Promise, and Best of India. Home & amp; Personal care brands include Enriche, 110%, Pestex, Paradise, the company has accumulated losses of Rs 2,984 crore since it entered the segment over six years ago. Aditya Birla Group entered the industry with the acquisition of Trinethra Super Retail in 2007. Trinethra Super Retail had a footprint with over 172 stores spread across four states - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Trinethra brand was being used, while in Karnataka and Kerala, later, all the stores were rebranded as more. On July 15,2018, Kumar Mangalam Birla announced the merger of all the retail businesses, as a part of this restructuring effort, Fashion & Lifestyle business will be de-merged from the Aditya Birla Nuvo and merged with other retail businesses. It is likely that after the merger is complete, about 10% of the stock would be sold to PE players to raise Rs.3000 crore, however, the restructuring plan has yet not been finalized.
44. Ghanshyam Das Birla – Ghanshyam Das G. D. Birla was an Indian businessman and member of the Birla Family. Ghanshyam Das Birla was born on 10 April 1894 at Pilani village, in the Indian state then known as Rajputana and his grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla, had diversified from the traditional Marwari business of moneylending against pawned items. He had left Pilani for Calcutta, using his modest capital to establish a dealership in cotton, the venture was successful and he came back to Pilani to build a mansion, which still stands by the name Birla Haveli. G. D. Birlas father, Baldeodas Birla, was adopted from the Navalgarh Birla family. He was involved in the so-called Rodda-Catridge affair and went underground for three months in 1916. In 1905, Ghanshyam was married to Durga Devi, daughter of Mahadev Somani, the Somani family hailed from Chirawa, a village not far from Ghanshyams native Pilani, and belonged to the same community Maheshwari as the Birlas. Just like the Birla brothers, Mahadev Somani had moved to Calcutta in pursuit of business, indeed, in future years, it was he who would teach the nuances of the Brokerage system to the young Ghanshyam. In 1909, Durga Devi gave birth to a son who was named Lakshmi Nivas Birla and she had contracted tuberculosis by this time, and she died in 1910. In 1912, Ghanshyam was married to Maheshwari Devi, daughter of Premsukhdas Karwa, the Karwa family hailed from the village of Gedha Ramshe in Marwad. Two sons and three daughters were born to Mahadevi, however, she also contracted the same disease as Durga Devi. By this time, Ghanshyam had educated himself on the causes and he moved Mahadevi and all the children to Solan, a hill-station in the Himalayas, in the care of a dedicated personal doctor. However, the worst could be delayed but not prevented, Mahadevi died in Solan on January 6,1926, leaving six children, including three children who were less than five years old. Although he was hardly into his 30s, Ghanshyam did not marry again, mahadevis death caused the children to be separated from their father also, as he could not raise six children single-handedly. Indeed, the children were split into two groups, the four children were sent to be raised in the household of Brij Mohan Birla. Birla inherited the business and moved to further diversify them into other areas. Of these, at least three contemporary family business groups existing in India today can trace their ancestry to him, of these businesses, he wanted to turn the moneylending business into manufacturing. So he left for Calcutta in Bengal Presidency, the worlds largest jute producing region, there, he began ndependently as a jute broker. He had to scale a number of obstacles as the British and Scottish merchants tried to shut his business by unethical and monopolistic methods, when World War I resulted in supply problems throughout the British Empire, Birlas business skyrocketed. With an investment of ₹5 million in 1919, the Birla Brothers Limited was formed, a mill was set up in Gwalior in the same year.
45. Economy of India – The economy of India is the seventh-largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity. The country is classified as an industrialised country, and one of the G-20 major economies. Indias economy became the worlds fastest growing economy in the last quarter of 2017. The Indian economy has the potential to become the worlds 3rd-largest economy by the next decade, and the outlook for short-term growth is also good as according to the IMF, the Indian economy is the bright spot in the global landscape. India also topped the World Banks growth outlook for 2018-16 for the first time with the economy having grown 7. 6% in 2018-16, growth is expected to decline slightly to 7. 1% in the 2018-17 fiscal year. India has one of the fastest growing sectors in the world with annual growth rate of above 9% since 2001. India has become an exporter of IT services, BPO services. It is also the part of the economy. The IT industry continues to be the largest private employer in India. India ranks second worldwide in farm output, the Industry sector has held a constant share of its economic contribution. The Indian auto mobile industry is one of the largest in the world with a production of 21.48 million vehicles in FY 2018-14. India has $600 billion worth of retail market in 2018 and one of worlds fastest growing E-Commerce markets, India is also home to worlds third largest billionaires pool with 111 billionaires in 2018 and the fourth largest number of ultra-high-net-worth households that have more than US$100 million. The combination of protectionist, import-substitution, Fabian socialism, social democratic-inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British occupation, the economy was then characterised by extensive regulation, protectionism, public ownership of large monopolies, pervasive corruption and slow growth. Since 1991, continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market-based economy, by 2008, India had established itself as one of the worlds faster-growing economies. Growth significantly slowed to 7. 0% in 2008–09, but subsequently recovered to 7. 4% in 2009–10, Indias current account deficit surged to 4. 1% of GDP during Q2 FY11 against 3. 2% the previous quarter. The unemployment rate for 2018–13, according to Government of Indias Labour Bureau, was 4. 7% nationwide, by UPS method, Indias consumer price inflation ranged between 8.9 and 12% over the 2009-2018 period. Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD, over time, traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage. Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between 14th and 18th century, during this period, Indian traders had settled in Surakhani, a suburb of greater Baku, Azerbaijan.
46. Ashok Leyland – Ashok Leyland is an Indian automobile manufacturing headquartered in Chennai, India. Founded in 1948, it is the 2nd largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world, operating six plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications. It sells about 60,000 vehicles and about 7,000 engines annually and it is the second largest commercial vehicle company in India in the medium and heavy commercial vehicle segment with a market share of 28%. With passenger transportation options ranging from 19 seaters to 80 seaters, the company claims to carry more than 60 million passengers a day, more people than the entire Indian rail network. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 ton to 25 ton range of trucks, however Ashok Leyland has presence in the entire truck range starting from 7.5 tons to 49 tons. With a joint venture with Nissan Motors of Japan the company made its presence in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment, Ashok Leylands UK subsidiary Optare has shut down its bus factory in Blackburn, Lancashire. This subsidiarys traditional home in Leeds has also been vacated in favour of a purpose built plant at Sherburn-in-Elmet, Ashok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan Saran, an Indian freedom fighter from Punjab. After Independence, he was persuaded by India’s first Prime Minister Nehru, Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England, and the company was named after the founders only son Ashok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Rajaji Saalai, Chennai with the plant in Ennore, the Company was engaged in assembly and distribution of Austin A40 passenger cars in India. Ashok Leyland then started manufacturing commercial vehicles, under Leylands management with British expatriate and Indian executives the company grew in strength to become one of Indias foremost commercial vehicle manufacturers. Ashok Leyland’s long-term plan to become a player by benchmarking global standards of technology. Access to international technology and a US$200 million investment programme created a manufacturing base to roll out international class products. In 2007, the Hinduja Group also bought out IVECOs indirect stake in Ashok Leyland, the promoter shareholding now stands at 51%. Today the company is the flagship of the Hinduja Group, a British-based, early products included the Leyland Comet bus which was a passenger body built on a truck chassis sold in large numbers to many operators in India. By 1963, the Comet was operated by every State Transport Undertaking in India and it was soon joined in production by a version of the Leyland Tiger. In 1968, production of the Leyland Titan ceased in Britain, the Titan PD3 chassis was modified, and a five speed heavy duty constant-mesh gearbox was used together with the Ashok Leyland version of the O.680 engine. The Ashok Leyland Titan was very successful and continued in production for many years, during early 80s Ashok Leyland entered into a collaboration with Japanese company Hino Motors from whom technology for the H-series engines was sourced. Many indigenous versions of H-series engine were developed with 4 and 6 cylinders and also conforming to BS2 and these engines proved to be extremely popular with the customers primarily for their excellent fuel efficiency.
47. Bajaj Auto – Bajaj Auto Limited is an Indian two-wheeler and three-wheeler manufacturing company. Bajaj Auto manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters and auto rickshaws, Bajaj Auto is a part of the Bajaj Group. It was founded by Jamnalal Bajaj in Rajasthan in the 1940s and it is based in Pune, Mumbai, with plants in Chakan, Waluj and Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. The oldest plant at Akurdi now houses the R&D centre Ahead, Bajaj Auto is the worlds sixth-largest manufacturer of motorcycles and the second-largest in India. It is the worlds largest three-wheeler manufacturer, on May 2018, its market capitalisation was ₹640 billion, making it Indias 23rd largest publicly traded company by market value. The Forbes Global 2000 list for the year 2018 ranked Bajaj Auto at 1,416, Bajaj Auto came into existence on 29 November 1944 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation Private Limited. It started off by selling imported two - and three-wheelers in India, in 1959, it obtained a licence from the Government of India to manufacture two-wheelers and three-wheelers and it became a public limited company in 1960. In 1970, it rolled out its 100, 000th vehicle, in 1977, it sold 100,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1985, it started producing at Waluj near Aurangabad, in 1986, it sold 500,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1995, it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced, with the launch of motorcycles in 1986, the company has changed its image from a scooter manufacturer to a two-wheeler manufacturer. Bajaj manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters, auto-rickshaws and most recently, Bajaj Auto is Indias largest exporter of motorcycles and three-wheelers. Bajaj Autos exports accounted for approx, 47% of its exports are made to Africa. Boxer motorcycle is the largest selling brand in Africa. In FY 2018-13, it sold approximately 3.76 million motorcycles which accounted for 31% of the share in India. Of these, approximately 2.46 million motorcycles were sold in India, RE Compact RE Compact 4S RE Optima RE Maxima It is the worlds largest manufacturer of 3-wheelers and accounts for almost 84% of Indias three-wheeler exports. During the FY 2018-13, it sold approx,480,000 three-wheelers which was 57% of the total market share in India. Out of these 480,000 three-wheelers, 53% were exported, on 3 January 2018, Bajaj auto unveiled the Bajaj RE60, a mini car for intra-city urban transportation. The target customer group will be Bajajs three-wheeler customers, germanys Daimler-Benz, a long-time collaborator with Firodia because of their ownership of the original Tempo works in Germany, owned 16% of Bajaj Tempo.
48. Eicher Motors – Eicher Motors Limited incorporated in 1982, is an Indian automaker company based in Gurgaon, India. Eicher Motors Limited owns Royal Enfield, Eicher Motors is a commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The companys origins date back to 1948, when Goodearth Company was established for the distribution, in 1959 the Eicher Tractor Corporation of India Private Ltd was established, jointly with the Eicher tractor company, a German tractor manufacturer. Since 1965 Eicher in India has been owned by Indian shareholders. The German Eicher tractor was partly owned by Massey-Ferguson from 1970, Massey-Ferguson bought out the German company in 1973. In 2005 Eicher Motors Ltd sold their tractors and engines business to TAFE Tractors of Chennai, lCVs were sold under the Eicher Mitsubishi brand. In February 1990, Eicher Goodearth bought 26% stake in Enfield India Ltd, in July 2008, EML and Volvo Groups 50,50 joint venture VE Commercial Vehicles designs, manufactures and markets commercial vehicles, engineering components and provides engineering design. The Eicher Group has diversified interests in design and development, manufacturing, and local and international marketing of trucks, buses, motorcycles, automotive gears. Eicher has invested in the growth areas of management consultancy services, customised engineering. VE Commercial Vehicles Limited is a 50,50 joint venture between the Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited, Eicher Trucks Eicher Polaris Multix Royal Enfield Resolved tyre wear issue Eicher Group Official website.
49. Hero MotoCorp – Hero Motocorp Ltd. formerly Hero Honda, is an Indian motorcycle and scooter manufacturer based in New Delhi, India. The company is the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India where it has a share of about 46% in the two-wheeler category. The 2006 Forbes list of the 200 Worlds Most Respected Companies has Hero Honda Motors ranked at #108, on 31 March 2018, the market capitalisation of the company was ₹308 billion. Hero Honda started its operations in 1984 as a joint venture between Hero Cycles of India and Honda of Japan, in 2018, when Honda decided to move out of the joint venture, Hero Group bought the shares held by Honda. Subsequently, in August 2018 the company was renamed Hero MotoCorp with a new corporate identity, in June 2018, Hero MotoCorp approved a proposal to merge the investment arm of its parent Hero Investment Pvt. Ltd. with the automaker. This decision came 18 months after its split from Hero Honda, Hero is the brand name used by the Munjal brothers for their flagship company, Hero Cycles Ltd. A joint venture between the Hero Group and Honda Motor Company was established in 1984 as the Hero Honda Motors Limited at Dharuhera, Munjal family and Honda group both owned 26% stake in the Company. During the 1980s, the company introduced motorcycles that were popular in India for their fuel economy, a popular advertising campaign based on the slogan Fill it – Shut it – Forget it that emphasised the motorcycles fuel efficiency helped the company grow at a double-digit pace since inception. In 2001, the became the largest two-wheeler manufacturing company in India. It maintains global industry leadership to date, the technology in the bikes of Hero Motocorp for almost 26 years has come from the Japanese counterpart Honda. By December 2018, the board of directors of the Hero Honda Group had decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner, the Hero Group would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not export to international markets, since the beginning, the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for the technology in their bikes. Now there are concerns that the Hero Group might not be able to sustain the performance of the joint venture by itself. The Japanese auto maker will exit the joint venture through a series of transactions by giving the Munjal family—which held a 26% stake in the company—an additional 26%. Honda, which also has an independent fully owned two-wheeler subsidiary—Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India — will exit Hero Honda at a discount and get over $1 billion for its stake. The discount will be between 30% and 50% to the current value of Hondas stake as per the price of the stock after the market closed on December 16,2018, the rising differences between the two partners gradually emerged as an irritant. Another major irritant for Honda was the refusal of Hero Honda to merge the companys spare parts business with Hondas new fully owned subsidiary Honda Motorcycle, as per the arrangement, it will be a two-leg deal. This SPV would eventually be open for private equity participation, and those in the fray include Warburg Pincus, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, TPG, Bain Capital.
50. Hindustan Motors – Hindustan Motors is an Indian automotive manufacturer based in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is a part of the Birla Technical Services industrial group, the company was the largest car manufacturer in India before the rise of Maruti Udyog. Hindustan Motors was the producer of the Ambassador motorcar, which was once a car in India. Production of the Ambassador ceased on 24 May 2017, one of the original three car manufacturers in India, founded in 1942 by Mr. B. M. Birla, it was a leader in car sales until the 1980s, all through its history, the company has depended on government patronage for its sales and for survival by eliminating competition. Manoj Jha was the Managing Director who stepped down from the post on 21 February 2018, on 11 February 2017, Hindustan Motors executed an agreement with Peugeot SA for the sale of the Ambassador brand, including the trademarks, for a consideration of Rs 80 crore. The tie-up entails two joint venture agreements between the companies of the two groups, Hindustan Motors Limited, was once Indias pioneering automobile manufacturing company. The HM-Mitsubishi Motors Plant is in Tiruvallur near Chennai in Tamil Nadu, post-Independence in 1948, production of the cars were shifted to new green field plant spread obver a large area in Uttarpara, West Bengal. The first car to roll out from Uttarpara plant was Hindustan 10, in 1954 Hindustan launched the Morris Oxford series II derived Hindustan Landmaster and in 1957 the Hindustan Ambassador was launched which was based on the Morris Oxford series III. Hindustan and General Motors have had several tie-ups in the post independence era to produce Bedford Trucks, Vauxhall Motors, Allison Transmissions, in 1994, GM and Hindustan formed a 50-50 joint venture, General Motors India to make Opel Astra cars in the new mid-segment category. The production of Astra was phased out and later replaced by the then successful Opel Corsa family of vehicles, in early 1999 General Motors India bought out the Halol, Gujarat, plant from Hindustan Motors thus ending a long partnership. On 21 February 2018, Mr. Manoj Jha, the Managing Director stepped down from his post, the decision was unanimously accepted by the board of directors. It was sold to Caterpillar in 2000 and HM quit the earthmover business, HML continue to be a joint venture partner with Caterpillar in Hindustan Power Plus, which manufactures diesel engines and generator sets. The company began in 1959 as Tractors and Bulldozers Private Ltd, manufacturing of tractors began in 1963, in collaboration Motokov-Praha of Czechoslovakia, and was known as Hindustan Tractors & Bulldozers Ltd. In 1967, it became Hindustan Tractors Ltd, the tractors were based on the Zetor tractor design and sold under the Hindustan brand. In 1978, the Gujarat, Indian government formed Gujarat Tractors from the ailing company, in 1999, Mahindra Tractors purchased 60% of the company, and in 2001, completed purchasing the rest of the company, renaming it Mahindra Gujarat Tractors Ltd. In 1982 Hindustan formed a collaboration with Isuzu to assemble and sell the Isuzu F series - JCS trucks in India and these trucks came from the factory with a fully built modern metal cabin which was not common with Tata and Ashok Leyland trucks at the time. They were well known for their reliability and fuel consumption, but were discontinued due to falling sales poor service facilities.
51. Mahindra & Mahindra – Mahindra and Mahindra Limited is an Indian multinational automobile manufacturing corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is one of the largest vehicle manufacturers by production in India and it is a part of Mahindra Group, an Indian conglomerate. It was ranked 21st on a list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2018 and its major competitors in the Indian market include Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland and others. Mahindra & Mahindra was set up as a trading company in 1945 in Ludhiana as Mahindra & Mohammed by brothers K. C. Mahindra and J. C. Mahindra. After India gained independence and Pakistan was formed, Mohammed emigrated to Pakistan where he became that countrys first finance minister, the company changed its name to Mahindra & Mahindra in 1948. It eventually saw an opportunity in expanding into manufacturing and selling larger MUVs. Soon established as the Jeep manufacturers of India, the company later commenced manufacturing light commercial vehicles, over the past few years, the company has taken interest in new industries and in foreign markets. They entered the industry by taking over Kinetic Motors in India. M&M also has a stake in the REVA Electric Car Company. In 2018–11 M&M entered in micro drip irrigation with the takeover of EPC Industries Ltd in Nashik, Mahindra & Mahindra, branded on its products usually as Mahindra, produces SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, commercial vehicles, and two wheeled motorcycles and tractors. It owns assembly plants in India, Mainland China, the United Kingdom, Mahindra maintains business relations with foreign companies like Renault SA, France. M&M has a presence and its products are exported to several countries. Its global subsidiaries include Mahindra Europe S. r. eu. based in Italy, Mahindra South Africa and Mahindra Tractor Co. Ltd. Mahindra started making passenger vehicles firstly with the Logan in April 2007 under the Mahindra Renault joint venture, M&M made its maiden entry into the heavy trucks segment with the Mahindra Truck and Bus Division, the joint venture with International Truck, USA. Mahindra produces a range of vehicles including MUVs, LCVs. It manufactures over 20 models of cars including larger, multi-utility vehicles like the Scorpio and it formerly had a joint venture with Ford called Ford India Private Limited to build passenger cars. True to their word, Mahindra & Mahindra launched the Mahindra Xylo in January 2009, also in early 2008, Mahindra commenced its first overseas CKD operations with the launch of the Mahindra Scorpio in Egypt, in partnership with the Bavarian Auto Group. This was soon followed by facilities in Brazil.
52. Tata Motors – Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, India, and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and it has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover, founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008. Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India, the company is ranked 226th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2018. On 17 January 2017, Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed chairman of the company, Tata entered the commercial vehicle sector in 1954 after forming a joint venture with Daimler-Benz of Germany. After years of dominating the commercial market in India, Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 by launching the Tata Sierra. Tata subsequently launched the Tata Estate, the Tata Sumo and the Tata Safari, Tata launched the Indica in 1998, the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car. A newer version of the car, named Indica V2, was an improvement over the previous version. Tata Motors also successfully exported large numbers of the car to South Africa, the success of the Indica played a key role in the growth of Tata Motors. In 2004, Tata Motors acquired Daewoos South Korea-based truck manufacturing unit, Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, on 27 September 2004, Tata Motors rang the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange to mark the listing of Tata Motors. In 2005, Tata Motors acquired a 21% controlling stake in the Spanish bus, Tata Motors continued its market area expansion through the introduction of new products such as buses and trucks. In 2006, Tata formed a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo, Tata Marcopolo Bus, in 2008, Tata Motors acquired the English car maker Jaguar Land Rover, manufacturer of the Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. Tata acquired full ownership of Hispano Carrocera in 2009, in 2009, its Lucknow plant was awarded the Best of All Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award. In 2018, Tata Motors acquired an 80% stake in the Italian design, the acquisition formed part of the companys plan to enhance its styling and design capabilities. In 2018, Tata Motors announced it would invest around ₹6 billion in the development of Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicles in collaboration with DRDO. In 2018, Tata Motors announced it will sell in India, in 2017, Tata Motors introduced first Truck Racing championship in India T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship.
53. TVS Motor Company – TVS Motor Company is the third largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India, with a revenue of Rs.11,516 Cr in 2018-16. It is the company of the Rs.40,000 Cr TVS Group. The company has a sales of 2.5 million units. TVS Motor Company is also the 2nd largest exporter in India with exports to over 60 Countries. TVS Motor Company Ltd, member of the TVS Group, is the largest company of the group in terms of size and turnover, TVS was established by Mr TV Sundaram Iyengar. When he died in 1955, his sons took the company ahead with several forays in the sector, including finance, insurance, manufacture of two-wheelers, tyres. The group has managed to run 97 companies that account for a turnover of nearly $6 billion. Early years 100 Sundaram Clayton was founded in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings and it manufactured brakes, exhausts, compressors and various other automotive parts. The company set up a plant at Hosur in 1978, to manufacture mopeds as part of their new division, in 1980, TVS50, Indias first two-seater moped rolled out of the factory at Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. A technical collaboration with the Japanese auto giant Suzuki Ltd. resulted in the joint-venture between Sundaram Clayton Ltd and Suzuki Motor Corporation, in 1982, commercial production of motorcycles began in 1984. Suzuki relationship TVS and Suzuki shared a 19-year-long relationship that was aimed at technology transfer, to enable design, re-christened TVS-Suzuki, the company brought out several models such as the Suzuki Supra, Suzuki Samurai, Suzuki Shogun and Suzuki Shaolin. In 2001, after separating ways with Suzuki, the company was renamed TVS Motor, there was also a 30-month moratorium period during which Suzuki promised not to enter the Indian market with competing two-wheelers. Recent Recent Launches include RTR200, TVS Victor and TVS XL100, TVS Racing also won the Raid de Himalaya and the FOX Hill Super Cross held at Sri Lanka. In three decades of its history, the team has won more than 90% of the races. In 2018 TVS started manufacturing the BMW G310R, a model co-developed with BMW Motorrad, TVS Motor was the first Indian company to deploy a catalytic converter in a 100 cc motorcycle and the first to indigenously produce a four stroke 150cc motorcycle. The company has four state of the art manufacturing plants - three located in India and one in Indonesia, distribution Today, TVS Motor functions through a nationwide network of more than 4000 touch points across all the states in India. TVS Motor won prestigious the Deming Application Prize in 2002, in 2004, TVS Scooty Pep won the Outstanding Design Excellence Award from BusinessWorld magazine and the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. The effective implementation of Total Productivity Maintenance practices won TVS Motor the TPM Excellence Award given by the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance in 2008, business Today magazine awarded TVS Motor the Best Managed Company and the Most Investor Friendly Company awards.
54. Bharat Electronics – Bharat Electronics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company with about nine factories, and few regional offices in India. It is owned by the Indian Government and primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for the Indian Armed Forces, BEL is one of nine PSUs under the Ministry of Defence of India. It has been accorded Navratna status by the Government of India, on 1 April 2018, BELs order book was estimated to be around ₹300 billions. With help of ToT. is a company of BEL and is a public sector undertaking of the Government of India. The company is headquartered in Pune and earned aggregated revenue of ₹516 million during the fiscal year 2007, BEL Thales Limited BEL Thales Limited was set up in 2018. GE-BE Pvt Limited GE-BE Pvt Limited was set up in 1997 as a joint venture between Bharat Electronics Limited and General Electric Medical System. The facility based at Whitefield, Bangalore, manufactures X-ray tubes for RAD & F and CT systems, as well as such as high voltage tanks. GE-BEL also markets the conventional X-ray tubes made at the Pune unit of BEL, the turnover of GE-BEL during 2004–2005 was over ₹4.50 billion including an export of over ₹4.30 billion. The company has been recognised for its export performance since 1998 by the Export Promotion Councils. BEL – Multitone Ltd BEL and Multitone, UK, offer mobile communication products for the workplace, Multitone invented paging in 1956 when it developed the worlds first system to serve the life or death environment of St Thomas Hospital, London. Brief details of the products are, Access 700 one-way speech paging system which supports 100 pagers, Access 1000/3000 radio paging system which supports 1500/5000 users. Starting with the manufacture of a few communication equipment in 1956, BEL started producing receiving valves in 1961, germanium semiconductors in 1962, in 1966, BEL set up a radar manufacturing facility for the army and in-house R&D. In 1967, BEL began manufacturing transmitting tubes, silicon devices, the PCB manufacturing facility was established in 1968. In 1970, BEL started making black & white TV picture tubes, X-ray tubes, in 1971, BEL set up facilities for the manufacture of integrated circuits and hybrid micro circuits. 1972, BEL established manufacturing facilities for TV transmitters for Doordarshan, in 1973, BEL began manufacturing frigate radars for the navy. Under the governments policy of decentralisation and due to strategic reasons, the second unit of BEL was set up at Ghaziabad in 1974 to manufacture radars and Tropo communication equipment for the Indian Air Force. The third unit was established at Pune in 1979 to manufacture image converter, in 1980, the first overseas office of BEL was set up in New York for the procurement of components and materials. In 1981, a facility for magnesium manganese dioxide batteries was set up at Pune.
55. DRDO – The Defence Research and Development Organisation is an agency of the Republic of India, charged with the militarys research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and it is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research & Development Service and about 25,000 other scientific, technical, Defence Research and Development Organisation was established in 1958 by amalgamating the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO, most of the time the Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. If they could get a MiG-21 from the market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO. DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles known as Project Indigo in 1960s, Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM, Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme in the 1980s. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the minister as its chairman. The programmes which were managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft, the LCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the Vetrivel programme, Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDOs radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s, the DRDO is part of the Indian Air Forces upgrade programmes for its MiG-27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the design and integration of these upgrades. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation, HAL AMCA, Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the design and development of the fifth generation aircraft. In 2018,700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO, avatar Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36, over a hundred LRU s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and these include both mandatory as well as other items. The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles - the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya Pilotless Target Aircraft, the Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements.
56. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited – Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence, the government-owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace industry. These include manufacturing and assembly of aircraft, navigation and related communication equipment, HAL built the first military aircraft in South Asia. It is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and it has several facilities spread across India. The locations where the plants are operated by HAL include Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore. The German engineer Kurt Tank designed the HF-24 Marut fighter-bomber, the first fighter aircraft made in India, HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore in 1940 on 23 Dec 1940. Hindustan Aircraft Company was duly incorporated under the Mysore Companies Act as a private Ltd Company, then he wrote to the Rulers of Baroda, Gwalior and Bhavanagar without success. Only Maharaja of Mysore responded favourably by agreeing to invest 25 lakhs, pawley managed to obtain a large number of machine-tools and equipment from the United States. The Indian Government bought a stake in the company and by April 1941 by investing 25 lakhs as it believed this to be a strategic imperative. The decision by the government was primarily motivated to boost British military hardware supplies in Asia to counter the threat posed by Imperial Japan during Second World War. The Kingdom of Mysore supplied two directors, Air Marshal John Higgins was resident director, the Mysore Kingdom refused to sell its stake in the company but yielded the management control over to the Indian Government. In 1943 the Bangalore factory was handed over to the United States Army Air Forces, the factory expanded rapidly and became the centre for major overhaul and repair of American aircraft and was known as the 84th Air Depot. The first aircraft to be overhauled was a Consolidated PBY Catalina followed by type of aircraft operated in India. When returned to Indian control two years later the factory had become one of the largest overhaul and repair organisations in the East, in the post war reorganisation the company built railway carriages as an interim activity. After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over to the Government of India. Though HAL was not used actively for developing models of fighter jets, except for the HF-24 Marut. In 1957 company started manufacturing Bristol Siddeley Orpheus jet engines under licence at new factory located in Bangalore, during the 1980s, HALs operations saw a rapid increase which resulted in the development of new indigenous aircraft such as the HAL Tejas and HAL Dhruv. HAL also developed a version of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, known as MiG-21 Bison.
57. Ordnance Factories Board – Ordnance Factories Board consisting of the Indian Ordnance Factories, is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production of Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a product range in the areas of air, land. OFB comprises forty-one Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are all across the country. OFB is the worlds largest government-operated production organisation, and the oldest organisation run by the Government of India and it has a total workforce of about 164,000. It is often called the Fourth Arm of Defence, and the Force Behind the Armed Forces of India and it is amongst the top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world. Its total sales were at $3 billion in 2018-16, every year,18 March is celebrated as the Ordnance Factories Day in India. Beginning The history and development of the Indian Ordnance Factories is directly linked with the British reign in India, the East India Company considered military hardware to be a vital element for securing their economic interest in India and increasing their political power. In 1775, the British East India company accepted the establishment of the Board of Ordnance at Fort William and this marks the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787, a factory was established at Ichapore, it began production in 1791. In 1801, Gun Carriage Agency was established at Cossipore, Calcutta and this is the oldest ordnance factory in India still in existence. Growth The growth of the Ordnance Factories Board leading to its present setup has been continuous, main Events 1801 – Establishment of Gun Carriage Agency at Cossipore, Kolkata. 1802 – Production begins at Cossipore on 18 March,1906 – The Administration of Indian Ordnance Factories comes under a separate charge as IG of Ordnance Factories. 1933 – Charged to Director of Ordnance Factories,1948 – Placed under direct control of Ministry of Defence. 1962 – Department of Defence Production was set up at Ministry of Defence,1979 – Ordnance Factories Board is established on 2 April. Ordnance Factories are divided into 5 operating divisions, depending upon the type of the main products/technologies employed, the four remaining Members are responsible for staff functions, viz Personnel, Finance, Planning & Material Management, Technical Services and they operate from Kolkata. Each Ordnance Factory is headed by a General Manager who is in the rank of Additional Secretary to Government of India, NADP provides training to Group A officers, whilst the other eight institutes impart training to Group B and Group C employees of the ordnance factories. Regional Marketing Centre, Avadi, Chennai Regional Marketing Centre, Delhi Regional Marketing Centre, the Indian Ordnance Factories Service is a civil service of the Government of India. IOFS officers are Gazetted defence-civilian officers under the Ministry of Defence, IOFS is a multi-disciplinary composite cadre consisting of technical – engineers, technologists and non-technical/administrative.
58. Adani Group – Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Its diversified businesses include resources, logistics, agribusiness and energy sectors, the Group is the largest port developer and operator in India with Mundra Port being a commercial port. It owns Fortune, India’s largest edible oil brand through a joint venture with Wilmar International in Singapore, the Flagship Company of the Adani group is Adani Enterprises Limited. In April 2017, it added the 4th unit of 660 MW at its Tiroda Power plant, in 2018, Adani was ranked Indias most trusted infrastructure brand by The Brand Trust Report 2018. The company was founded in 1988 as a commodity trading business, first generation entrepreneur Gautam Adani is the founder & chairman of Adani Group. The Adani Group commenced as a commodity trading firm in 1988, grew quickly, in the 1990s, it developed its own port in Mundra to provide a base for its trading operations. In 1995, Adani started construction at Mundra, in 1998, it became the top net foreign exchange earner for India. Soon in 1999, the company commenced trading, followed by a joint venture in edible oil refining in 2000 by forming Adani Willmar. The group’s second phase started with the creation of infrastructure assets. The company established a portfolio of ports, powerplants, mines, ships and railway lines within, in 2002, Adani handled 4 million MT of cargo at Mundra, becoming the largest private port in India. Later in 2006, the became the largest coal importer in India with 11 million MT of coal handling. The company expanded its business in 2008 as they bought Bunyu Mine in Indonesia having 180 million MT of coal reserves, in the subsequent year, the firm started 330 MW thermal power generation, followed by 2.2 million MT per annum edible oil refining capacity in India. Adani Enterprises is the largest trading house of India in importing coal with a market share 60% and it also supplies coal to NTPC Limited, India. Adani group became Indias largest private mining company after Adani Enterprises won the Orissa mine rights. In 2018, Port of Dahej Port of Dahej became operational, the company also bought Galilee Basin mine in Australia with 10.4 billion MT of coal reserves. It also commissioned 60 million MT of handling capacity coal import terminal in Mundra, further in the same year, the Adani group also bought Abbot Point port in Australia with 50 million MT of handling capacity. It also commissioned India’s largest solar plant of 40 MW. As the firm achieved 3960 MW capacity, it became the largest private thermal power producer in India.
59. Bharti Enterprises – Bharti Enterprises is an Indian business conglomerate headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was founded in 1976 by Sunil Bharti Mittal and it operates in 18 countries across Asia, Bharti Enterprises owns businesses spanning across telecommunications, agri business, financial services and manufacturing. The company was founded by Sunil Bharti Mittal with his two siblings in 1976, the company started with manufacturing bicycles before diversifying into other sectors. It entered into telecommunications industry in 1995, Bharti is present in many sectors with the largest revenue contribution coming from telecom industry. Bharti Airtel Ltd is the third largest mobile operator in the world, in subscriber base, the company is India’s largest integrated telecom company in customer base and offers mobile, fixed line, broadband, m commerce, DTH and enterprise service. In India, Bharti Infratel owns over 38,500 towers across 11 circles and it plans to spend ₹1,086 crore to set up 4,813 new towers. Bharti Infratel also has a 42% stake in Indus towers, beetel Teletech is India’s leading telecom and allied products company. It is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of land-line telephones, fieldFresh Foods is a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and DMPL India Ltd. The company offers fresh fruits and vegetables and processed foods and beverages in the domestic, Bharti AXA is a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and AXA, world leader in financial protection and wealth management. They offer a range of insurance and wealth management products. Centum Learning, an owned subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises, is a learning. Its learning centres are active across 169 cities in 20 countries including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bharti Foundation was set up in 2000. It aims to create and support programs that bring about sustainable changes through education, Bharti Realty is the in-house real estate arm for Bharti Group and facilitates by extending support to the Group Companies for identifying, developing and maintaining real estate. Bharti Enterprises tied-up with Walmart for opening a chain of stores all over India. The companies, in August 2007, made a statement that they have signed a wholesale cash-and-carry deal. The first Best Price Modern Wholesale opened in Amritsar in May 2018 and this partnership has now ended Official website.
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